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Klyros Language

2009-05-12T01:43:14Z

Dracaeon:

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-lyr-live.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|The word ''Klyros'' written in Klyros ideograms}}
The '''Klyros language''' (known as ''Klyran'' when speaking about it in common) is very simple and logical in its structure and grammar, yet powerfully flexible and adaptive like the Klyros race itself when a need for new expressions arises.

It is based on an ideographic writing system, that originates in the artistic traits of its creators, and deals mostly with concrete concepts. Most of the few abstracts that are present in the language are also used with a special grammatical function. For example to express gender or tense.

There's only one sound in Klyros pronunciation that is not available in the Common alphabet. This sound - the shwa - like a short form of the vowel in the Common word "her", is transcribed by an apostrophe when writing Klyros in the Common writing. This sound vanishes completely when it lies adjacent to another one that is not identical to the preceding. ''K''' combined with ''lyr'' becomes thus ''klyr''

==Transcription and Pronunciation==

Klyran is an ideographic language, but for the purpose of transliteration and an attempted merge with common (which was unsuccessful, thereby obsolete), there is an alphabet using the common symbols for letters. Basically all letters are used for the same sounds they describe in the Common language, with a few exceptions and peculiarities:

* '''c''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in ''chase''
* '''g''' is pronounced like the second ''g'' in ''garage''
* '''q''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''
* '''x''' is pronounced like the ''sh'' in ''shine''
* '''z''' is a lisping sound that is made by first pushing the tongue lightly against the back of the incisors while pronouncing an s and then gliding the tongue to the front between the teeth, linguistically a voiced inter-dental affricate
*''' ' ''' is and extra vowel. It is pronounced like the ''e'' in ''her''

Vowel length is always constant. Long vowels are transcribed as double vowels.

==Word classes==

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-sin-do.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ksinos''}}
===Ksinos (process words)===
The base of the Klyros language are '''Ksinos''', the process words that roughly correspond to the verbs in Common. Each ideogram refers to a process word. All other words are derived from Ksinos using pre-, suf-, or circumfixes.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ksinos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-on-exist.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''konos''}}
===Konos (substantial words)===
Substantial words named '''Konos''' refer to physical things, or seldom abstract concepts. They are almost identical to the nouns of Common. The formation of nouns happens through the prefix ''"K'"'', which standing alone means ''to form'', that is added to a Ksin.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Konos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kzanos''}}
===Kzanos (descriptive words)===
'''Kzanos''' literally translates to the Common word ''colours''. It describes a word class of attributes and descriptive expressions that can be seen as a mixture between Common adjectives and adverbs. They are the inversion of ''konos'' and thus are formed by the suffix ''"K'"''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-efa-think.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kefaos''}}
===Kefaos (logic words)===
The logic words or '''Kefaos''' (lit. ''thoughts'') are used to make logical connections between Klyros phrases. They can be compared to linking words, conjunctions of the Common. Most of them are formed using the ksin ''jo'' (''to join'') as a suffix.

Accordingly, ''jojo'' for example is the Klyros counterpart of Common ''and'', and ''joja'' is the counterpart for ''or''. Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ktenos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-ten-switch.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ktenos''}}

===Ktenos (replacement words)===
'''Ktenos''' are the equivalent of Common pronouns though their usage is more difficult and subject to cultural peculiarities.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Usage of Ktenos|correct formation and usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-net-relate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knetos''}}
===Knetos (relation words)===
What Common refers to as a preposition is called '''Knetos''' in Klyros. These words are formed using the prefix ''net'' and used to describe mainly but not exclusively temporal and spatial relations.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]][[Image:KL-Bix-Sound.jpg]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knubixos''}}
===Knubixos (silent words)===
Knubixos are ideograms that have no spoken counterpart. They are optional, usually placed at the end of the word. They signify special conditions of words (such as whether they are a name). Their use is uncommon, but not unheard of, in modern written Klyran

==Descriptor precedence==
Since Klyros is a highly agglutinative language, it is important to know what the correct precedence of the descriptors after a ksin is.
#word class descriptor
#person descriptor
#gender descriptor
#numeral descriptor
#temporal descriptor
#voice descriptor
#mood descriptor
#other prefixes/suffixes

In compound words there can be of course descriptors to each of the composed ksinos.
Other prefixes/suffixes have equal precedence, so they may be placed in any order.

==Usage of Ksinos==
Ksinos, like verbs, have subdivisions that roughly correspond to the subdivisions in Common.
===Action===
Action Ksinos are simple. It is merely the word and any descriptors. Plurality, persons, and gender are all optional to add. When speaking in past tense, "far" is added to the word. When speaking in future tense "ga" is added to the word.

===Auxiliary===
Auxiliary Ksinos are all based off of the klyran word "a" which refers to one or equals. By itself "a" works for most singular auxiliary verbs in first, second, and third persons. When using it to describe the state of plural words, you add the suffix "os" to make it "aos" which again works in first, second and third persons. When speaking in past or future tense, you add "far" and "ga" respectively. Gender descriptors may be added, but they are unnecessary.
====Modal====
Modal verbs, like can, could, should, and ought, are like their auxiliary counterparts, but instead of them being based on the word "a" they are based on the word "kee". Like "a" it works for singular verbs in first, second and third persons. "Keeos" is the plural form, and gender and tense descriptors can be added as needed.

===Passive Voice, Progressive Aspect, and Perfect Aspect===
In Common, these would have auxiliary verbs placed before action verbs; however, in Klyran the auxiliary verb is removed from the phrase leaving only the action verb.

===Questions===
When asking a question in Klyran, like in common, the first word in the sentence is usually a question word like who, what, when, etc. In klyran, the question word also works as the auxiliary verb following it (the "is" in "who is") making it a ksinos. It is, however, grammatically optional to include the auxiliary anyway. When it is not included, the question word must include a tense (past and present) and whether it is singular or plural. Question words may have a gender descriptor and a persons descriptor, but it is highly unusual.
====Auxiliary Questions====
In common, many interrogative sentences begin with and auxiliary word such as is, were, and are, rather than question words.. In klyran, when these sentences occur, the auxiliary verb at the beginning is removed and the prefix "kee" is added to the main Ksinos in the sentence. So when you ask "Will he go?" it will be translated to be "Yalim keefarga" rather than "Aga yalim farga".

==Usage of Konos==
Konos are a subjective part of Klyran. Do to them being just a Ksinos with k in the beginning, they can have a wide variety of meanings and uses. As a rule of thumb, choose the most specific ksinos to turn into konos. It is mostly a matter of being understood, so it is best to put them into context almost all the time.

===Specifiers===
Specifiers are optional prefixes and suffixes added to Konos to make them less subjective. Their use has increased post-portal, due to the influences of other languages. For example, the Klyran word ''sin'' can be used as a suffix to be the equivalent of the Common suffix ''er'' (the noun doing the action), such as the word "lyrsin", which means "lively", someone who lives actively (this word is considered a compliment in most tribes), and the word ''san'' can be added to the end of a word as a counterpart to the Common ''ee'' (the noun on which the action is being done upon.). It is considered polite to use specifiers as much as possible when speaking to those whose Klyran isn't natural or perfected.

===Standard Phrases===
While konos is subjective, there are common phrases that are understood to mean certain things. For example ''kfar'' is known to mean goodbye, and ''kga'' is known to be hello. Unfortunately, common phrases are not universal, so different communities and different people can say different things for the same meanings. For example, ''Ze wo'' (I greet) and ''kwo'' (greetings) are other accepted variations of saying hello. There are no phrases considered "formal" though it is considered polite for visitors to adapt their phrases to the customs of the place they are visiting (which leads to the unofficial custom of visitors waiting to be greeted before greeting). "Informal" phrases are anything that can be interpreted as rude.

==Usage of Ktenos==
It is highly advisable to pay attention to the correct use of ktenos when communicating in Klyros. Wrongly used they can easily be a cause for offence.
===Personal===

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ze'' (''I'') and ''zeos'' (''we'')}}
====First person====
The most unproblematic of the ktenos is the one referring to oneself alone. The first person singular is ''ze'' (archaic also 'kze').

The first person plural is ''zeos''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]| ''zelim'', and ''zemil''}}
Note that the use of the honorific ''wo'' together with the first person is considered uppish, except for a ruler. (It would be appropriate where Common makes use of the "pluralis maiestatis", "''we, the octarch''")

It is polite for a Klyros to give the own gender when addressing a non-Klyros. (It is not alway easy for foreigners to discern the Klyros sexes from their appearance). In these cases 'I' translates to ''zelim'' for a male and ''zemil'' for a female.

====Second person====
{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''yi'' (''you'')}}
In contrast it is most important not to use a gender descriptor when addressing someone directly. That is done with ''yi'' only. The use of ''yilim'' or ''yimil'' between persons who are not familiar is more or less disrespectful depending on whether the grammatical gender matches the sex of the addressee.

In an intimate relation ''yilim'' and ''yimil'' place an non-ambiguous emphasis on the addressee's sex, while in combination with the honorific prefix ''wo-'' it is considered a term of endearment.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-wo-honour.png]][[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''woyi'' (respectful ''you'')}}
The use of ''woyilim'' or ''woyimil'' outside of an intimate relationship equals a proposal.

The standard form of addressing people unknown to oneself or in an especially respectful manner is ''woyi''.

The honorific can be used as a suffix to honour high-ranking individuals when addressing them: ''woyiwo'' corresponds to ''your highness''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]|''yalim'' (''he''), and ''yamil'' (''she'')}}
====Third person====
Talking about an individual it is obligatory to make use of a gender descriptor. Everything else would be considered very disrespectful. Thus Common ''he'' translates to ''yalim'' and ''she'' to ''yamil''. When talking about someone who is present it is considered polite to make use of the honorific, but not obligatory, if you are familiar with the subject. The neutral gender used for inanimate objects or asexual beings such as Kran is ''kya'' which means ''it'' or more literally ''object''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''yaos'' (''them'')}}
Talking about a group of people who are known to belong to one sex only, you usually use the gender descriptor aswell (''yalimos'', ''yamilos''). But do not so, if the sexes of all the subjects are not exactly known. For mixed groups only use ''yaos''. The use of the honorific is arbitrary in the plural, depending on the situation.

===Possessives===
*'''my''' & '''mine''': ''xuzek'' & ''kxuze''
*'''your''' & '''yours''': ''xuyik'' & ''kxuyi''
*'''his''' & '''his''': ''xuyalimk'' & ''kxuyalim''
*'''her''' & '''hers''': ''xuyamilk'' & ''kxuyamil''
*'''its''' & '''its''': ''xuyak'' & ''kxuya''
*'''our''' & '''ours''': ''xuzeosk'' & ''kxuzeos''
*'''your''' & '''yours''' (pl): ''xuyiosk'' & ''kxuyios''
*'''their''' & '''theirs''': ''xuyaosk'' & ''kxuyaos''

===Deixis===
*'''here & there''': ''rafnet'' & ''farnet''
*'''this & that''': ''kyaraf'' & ''kyafar''
*'''these & those''': ''kyarafos'' & ''kyafaros''

==Usage of Kefoas==
For the purpose of understanding Kefoas, there are two catagories of words based on their common counterparts. It should be noted, however, that these are unofficial catagories made only to help those who are learning Klyran as a secound or third language.

===Conjunction Kefoas===
These Kefoas roughly correspond to conjunctions in common. They include and (jojo), if (je), or (joja), not and (ne), etc. While they mean the same as conjuctions, they don't have to link things together. Because this is confusing to Common speakers, that practice has dwindled.

===Logic Kefoas===
These Kefoas are used for logical purposes. They include yes, no, true, false, sometimes true, etc. While they aren't considered conjunctions in common, they can be used as conjunctions in Klyran.

==Numbers==
The concept of the Klyros numbering system might strike foreigners somewhat odd as the cardinal numbers are regarded a process and accordingly are expressed through Ksin. The digits are pronounced as vowels of different pitch and length.

===Cardinal numerals===
The base of the Klyros numbering is a decimal system almost identical to the Common one. The difference is that the symbol for zero is not used to form number values higher than nine. Instead there is a special symbol meaning "ten" that is not used separately. It is appears where you would expect a zero in a number of Common. The digits are formed by the following ideograms:

{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading || || Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''1'''</big> || [[Image:KL-a-equal.png]] || a
|              
| <big>'''6'''</big> || [[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]] || aa
|-
| <big>'''2'''</big> || [[Image:KL-i-double.png]] || i
|              
| <big>'''7'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]] || ii
|-
| <big>'''3'''</big> || [[Image:KL-u-triple.png]] || u
|              
| <big>'''8'''</big> || [[Image:KL-uu-octuple.png]] || uu
|-
| <big>'''4'''</big> || [[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]] || e
|              
| <big>'''9'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ee-nonuple.png]] || ee
|-
| <big>'''5'''</big> || [[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]] || o
|              
| <big>'''(10)'''</big> || [[Image:KL-oo-decuple.png]] || oo
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-u-triple.png]][[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]][[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]][[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]][[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]]|''uiioaae'', 37564}}
Thus the word ''uiioaae'' is the pronunciation of the number 37564. If the numbers pronounced as the same vowels are adjacent there is a short shwa or pause inserted to discern them from one another. So ''uiioaa'a'' means 37561.

The number zero is written as ''nu'' which means ''to negate'' (or as substantial form ''knu'' i.e. ''nothing'')
{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''0'''</big> || [[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]] || nu
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]][[Image:KL-k'-form.png]]|''aik'', twelfth}}
===Ordinal numerals===
Ordinal numbers belong into the word class of ''Kzanos''.

For example while ''ai'' means ''twelve'' ''aik'' refers to the ''twelfth'' of a row.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]][[Image:KL-k'-form.png]]|''ayaik'', the twelfth part}}
===Fractions===
Fractions are written using ''ya'' a ksin meaning ''to divide'', that is often shortened to ''y''' when used for this purpose. Depending on their usage the fraction can be a ksin or a kzan.

Fractions with a low denominator are commonly used to form other word classes as well. ''The half'' for example is ''kayi'' in Klyros while ''ayik'' would mean ''half'' in the sense of a Common adjective.

===Negative===
Numbers can be turned negative by adding ''nu'' to the beginning. When the number is pronounced, however, the ''u'' in ''nu'' is dropped, so -37564 is pronounced ''nuiioaae''.

==Typography==
There is no punctuation in Klyros. Sentences are simply separated by a full space, meaning a blank that is equal the size of a ideogram. Words within a sentence are mostly separated by a half-space, half the width of an ideogram. Sometimes, especially often found in ancient poetry, there is no word spacing, to the effect of making the poem more aesthetic to the onlooker but also a lot harder to read and interpret.

==Names==
Some Klyros names are made up of multiple words, or distortions of words, put together to have a hidden meaning. For example, Haiim literally means "to wait, to have opportunity," but if you look at those words together, then you can see hidden meanings like "he who waits for opportunities," which could be taken to mean many other things. Other names don't have meanings, and just sound nice.

''[Editor's note: If you are a Klyros and would like for your name to mean something, then click on the below link and add words to mean things. Remember, though, that Klyran words are usually only one, sometimes two, syllables long. If certain syllables are already taken, don't change them, just use them to your advantage. If you can't think of anything that uses those syllables, remember hidden meanings; Haiim has the hidden meaning of "Ninja." Think of things like that.]''

==See also==
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary]]

[[Category:Klyros Language]]

Klyros Language

2009-05-12T01:40:03Z

Dracaeon:

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-lyr-live.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|The word ''Klyros'' written in Klyros ideograms}}
The '''Klyros language''' (known as ''Klyran'' when speaking about it in common) is very simple and logical in its structure and grammar, yet powerfully flexible and adaptive like the Klyros race itself when a need for new expressions arises.

It is based on an ideographic writing system, that originates in the artistic traits of its creators, and deals mostly with concrete concepts. Most of the few abstracts that are present in the language are also used with a special grammatical function. For example to express gender or tense.

There's only one sound in Klyros pronunciation that is not available in the Common alphabet. This sound - the shwa - like a short form of the vowel in the Common word "her", is transcribed by an apostrophe when writing Klyros in the Common writing. This sound vanishes completely when it lies adjacent to another one that is not identical to the preceding. ''K''' combined with ''lyr'' becomes thus ''klyr''

==Transcription and Pronunciation==

Klyran is an ideographic language, but for the purpose of transliteration and an attempted merge with common (which was unsuccessful, thereby obsolete), there is an alphabet using the common symbols for letters. Basically all letters are used for the same sounds they describe in the Common language, with a few exceptions and peculiarities:

* '''c''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in ''chase''
* '''g''' is pronounced like the second ''g'' in ''garage''
* '''q''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''
* '''x''' is pronounced like the ''sh'' in ''shine''
* '''z''' is a lisping sound that is made by first pushing the tongue lightly against the back of the incisors while pronouncing an s and then gliding the tongue to the front between the teeth, linguistically a voiced inter-dental affricate
*''' ' ''' is and extra vowel. It is pronounced like the ''e'' in ''her''

Vowel length is always constant. Long vowels are transcribed as double vowels.

==Word classes==

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-sin-do.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ksinos''}}
===Ksinos (process words)===
The base of the Klyros language are '''Ksinos''', the process words that roughly correspond to the verbs in Common. Each ideogram refers to a process word. All other words are derived from Ksinos using pre-, suf-, or circumfixes.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ksinos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-on-exist.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''konos''}}
===Konos (substantial words)===
Substantial words named '''Konos''' refer to physical things, or seldom abstract concepts. They are almost identical to the nouns of Common. The formation of nouns happens through the prefix ''"K'"'', which standing alone means ''to form'', that is added to a Ksin.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Konos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kzanos''}}
===Kzanos (descriptive words)===
'''Kzanos''' literally translates to the Common word ''colours''. It describes a word class of attributes and descriptive expressions that can be seen as a mixture between Common adjectives and adverbs. They are the inversion of ''konos'' and thus are formed by the suffix ''"K'"''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-efa-think.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kefaos''}}
===Kefaos (logic words)===
The logic words or '''Kefaos''' (lit. ''thoughts'') are used to make logical connections between Klyros phrases. They can be compared to linking words, conjunctions of the Common. Most of them are formed using the ksin ''jo'' (''to join'') as a suffix.

Accordingly, ''jojo'' for example is the Klyros counterpart of Common ''and'', and ''joja'' is the counterpart for ''or''. Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ktenos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-ten-switch.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ktenos''}}

===Ktenos (replacement words)===
'''Ktenos''' are the equivalent of Common pronouns though their usage is more difficult and subject to cultural peculiarities.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Usage of Ktenos|correct formation and usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-net-relate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knetos''}}
===Knetos (relation words)===
What Common refers to as a preposition is called '''Knetos''' in Klyros. These words are formed using the prefix ''net'' and used to describe mainly but not exclusively temporal and spatial relations.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]][[Image:KL-Bix-Sound.jpg]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knubixos''}}
===Knubixos (silent words)===
Knubixos are ideograms that have no spoken counterpart. They are optional, usually placed at the end of the word. They signify special conditions of words (such as whether they are a name). Their use is uncommon, but not unheard of, in modern written Klyran

==Descriptor precedence==
Since Klyros is a highly agglutinative language, it is important to know what the correct precedence of the descriptors after a ksin is.
#word class descriptor
#person descriptor
#gender descriptor
#numeral descriptor
#temporal descriptor
#voice descriptor
#mood descriptor
#other prefixes/suffixes

In compound words there can be of course descriptors to each of the composed ksinos.
Other prefixes/suffixes have equal precedence, so they may be placed in any order.

==Usage of Ksinos==
Ksinos, like verbs, have subdivisions that roughly correspond to the subdivisions in Common.
===Action===
Action Ksinos are simple. It is merely the word and any descriptors. Plurality, persons, and gender are all optional to add. When speaking in past tense, "far" is added to the word. When speaking in future tense "ga" is added to the word.

===Auxiliary===
Auxiliary Ksinos are all based off of the klyran word "a" which refers to one or equals. By itself "a" works for most singular auxiliary verbs in first, second, and third persons. When using it to describe the state of plural words, you add the suffix "os" to make it "aos" which again works in first, second and third persons. When speaking in past or future tense, you add "far" and "ga" respectively. Gender descriptors may be added, but they are unnecessary.
====Modal====
Modal verbs, like can, could, should, and ought, are like their auxiliary counterparts, but instead of them being based on the word "a" they are based on the word "kee". Like "a" it works for singular verbs in first, second and third persons. "Keeos" is the plural form, and gender and tense descriptors can be added as needed.

===Passive Voice, Progressive Aspect, and Perfect Aspect===
In Common, these would have auxiliary verbs placed before action verbs; however, in Klyran the auxiliary verb is removed from the phrase leaving only the action verb.

===Questions===
When asking a question in Klyran, like in common, the first word in the sentence is usually a question word like who, what, when, etc. In klyran, the question word also works as the auxiliary verb following it (the "is" in "who is") making it a ksinos. It is, however, grammatically optional to include the auxiliary anyway. When it is not included, the question word must include a tense (past and present) and whether it is singular or plural. Question words may have a gender descriptor and a persons descriptor, but it is highly unusual.
====Auxiliary Questions====
In common, many interrogative sentences begin with and auxiliary word such as is, were, and are, rather than question words.. In klyran, when these sentences occur, the auxiliary verb at the beginning is removed and the prefix "kee" is added to the main Ksinos in the sentence. So when you ask "Will he go?" it will be translated to be "Yalim keefarga" rather than "Aga yalim farga".

==Usage of Konos==
Konos are a subjective part of Klyran. Do to them being just a Ksinos with k in the beginning, they can have a wide variety of meanings and uses. As a rule of thumb, choose the most specific ksinos to turn into konos. It is mostly a matter of being understood, so it is best to put them into context almost all the time.

===Specifiers===
Specifiers are optional prefixes and suffixes added to Konos to make them less subjective. Their use has increased post-portal, due to the influences of other languages. For example, the Klyran word ''sin'' can be used as a suffix to be the equivalent of the Common suffix ''er'' (the noun doing the action), such as the word "lyrsin", which means "liver", someone who lives actively (this word is considered a compliment in most tribes), and the word ''san'' can be added to the end of a word as a counterpart to the Common ''ee'' (the noun on which the action is being done upon.). It is considered polite to use specifiers as much as possible when speaking to those whose Klyran isn't natural or perfected.

===Standard Phrases===
While konos is subjective, there are common phrases that are understood to mean certain things. For example ''kfar'' is known to mean goodbye, and ''kga'' is known to be hello. Unfortunately, common phrases are not universal, so different communities and different people can say different things for the same meanings. For example, ''Ze wo'' (I greet) and ''kwo'' (greetings) are other accepted variations of saying hello. There are no phrases considered "formal" though it is considered polite for visitors to adapt their phrases to the customs of the place they are visiting (which leads to the unofficial custom of visitors waiting to be greeted before greeting). "Informal" phrases are anything that can be interpreted as rude.

==Usage of Ktenos==
It is highly advisable to pay attention to the correct use of ktenos when communicating in Klyros. Wrongly used they can easily be a cause for offence.
===Personal===

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ze'' (''I'') and ''zeos'' (''we'')}}
====First person====
The most unproblematic of the ktenos is the one referring to oneself alone. The first person singular is ''ze'' (archaic also 'kze').

The first person plural is ''zeos''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]| ''zelim'', and ''zemil''}}
Note that the use of the honorific ''wo'' together with the first person is considered uppish, except for a ruler. (It would be appropriate where Common makes use of the "pluralis maiestatis", "''we, the octarch''")

It is polite for a Klyros to give the own gender when addressing a non-Klyros. (It is not alway easy for foreigners to discern the Klyros sexes from their appearance). In these cases 'I' translates to ''zelim'' for a male and ''zemil'' for a female.

====Second person====
{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''yi'' (''you'')}}
In contrast it is most important not to use a gender descriptor when addressing someone directly. That is done with ''yi'' only. The use of ''yilim'' or ''yimil'' between persons who are not familiar is more or less disrespectful depending on whether the grammatical gender matches the sex of the addressee.

In an intimate relation ''yilim'' and ''yimil'' place an non-ambiguous emphasis on the addressee's sex, while in combination with the honorific prefix ''wo-'' it is considered a term of endearment.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-wo-honour.png]][[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''woyi'' (respectful ''you'')}}
The use of ''woyilim'' or ''woyimil'' outside of an intimate relationship equals a proposal.

The standard form of addressing people unknown to oneself or in an especially respectful manner is ''woyi''.

The honorific can be used as a suffix to honour high-ranking individuals when addressing them: ''woyiwo'' corresponds to ''your highness''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]|''yalim'' (''he''), and ''yamil'' (''she'')}}
====Third person====
Talking about an individual it is obligatory to make use of a gender descriptor. Everything else would be considered very disrespectful. Thus Common ''he'' translates to ''yalim'' and ''she'' to ''yamil''. When talking about someone who is present it is considered polite to make use of the honorific, but not obligatory, if you are familiar with the subject. The neutral gender used for inanimate objects or asexual beings such as Kran is ''kya'' which means ''it'' or more literally ''object''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''yaos'' (''them'')}}
Talking about a group of people who are known to belong to one sex only, you usually use the gender descriptor aswell (''yalimos'', ''yamilos''). But do not so, if the sexes of all the subjects are not exactly known. For mixed groups only use ''yaos''. The use of the honorific is arbitrary in the plural, depending on the situation.

===Possessives===
*'''my''' & '''mine''': ''xuzek'' & ''kxuze''
*'''your''' & '''yours''': ''xuyik'' & ''kxuyi''
*'''his''' & '''his''': ''xuyalimk'' & ''kxuyalim''
*'''her''' & '''hers''': ''xuyamilk'' & ''kxuyamil''
*'''its''' & '''its''': ''xuyak'' & ''kxuya''
*'''our''' & '''ours''': ''xuzeosk'' & ''kxuzeos''
*'''your''' & '''yours''' (pl): ''xuyiosk'' & ''kxuyios''
*'''their''' & '''theirs''': ''xuyaosk'' & ''kxuyaos''

===Deixis===
*'''here & there''': ''rafnet'' & ''farnet''
*'''this & that''': ''kyaraf'' & ''kyafar''
*'''these & those''': ''kyarafos'' & ''kyafaros''

==Usage of Kefoas==
For the purpose of understanding Kefoas, there are two catagories of words based on their common counterparts. It should be noted, however, that these are unofficial catagories made only to help those who are learning Klyran as a secound or third language.

===Conjunction Kefoas===
These Kefoas roughly correspond to conjunctions in common. They include and (jojo), if (je), or (joja), not and (ne), etc. While they mean the same as conjuctions, they don't have to link things together. Because this is confusing to Common speakers, that practice has dwindled.

===Logic Kefoas===
These Kefoas are used for logical purposes. They include yes, no, true, false, sometimes true, etc. While they aren't considered conjunctions in common, they can be used as conjunctions in Klyran.

==Numbers==
The concept of the Klyros numbering system might strike foreigners somewhat odd as the cardinal numbers are regarded a process and accordingly are expressed through Ksin. The digits are pronounced as vowels of different pitch and length.

===Cardinal numerals===
The base of the Klyros numbering is a decimal system almost identical to the Common one. The difference is that the symbol for zero is not used to form number values higher than nine. Instead there is a special symbol meaning "ten" that is not used separately. It is appears where you would expect a zero in a number of Common. The digits are formed by the following ideograms:

{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading || || Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''1'''</big> || [[Image:KL-a-equal.png]] || a
|              
| <big>'''6'''</big> || [[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]] || aa
|-
| <big>'''2'''</big> || [[Image:KL-i-double.png]] || i
|              
| <big>'''7'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]] || ii
|-
| <big>'''3'''</big> || [[Image:KL-u-triple.png]] || u
|              
| <big>'''8'''</big> || [[Image:KL-uu-octuple.png]] || uu
|-
| <big>'''4'''</big> || [[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]] || e
|              
| <big>'''9'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ee-nonuple.png]] || ee
|-
| <big>'''5'''</big> || [[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]] || o
|              
| <big>'''(10)'''</big> || [[Image:KL-oo-decuple.png]] || oo
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-u-triple.png]][[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]][[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]][[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]][[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]]|''uiioaae'', 37564}}
Thus the word ''uiioaae'' is the pronunciation of the number 37564. If the numbers pronounced as the same vowels are adjacent there is a short shwa or pause inserted to discern them from one another. So ''uiioaa'a'' means 37561.

The number zero is written as ''nu'' which means ''to negate'' (or as substantial form ''knu'' i.e. ''nothing'')
{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''0'''</big> || [[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]] || nu
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]][[Image:KL-k'-form.png]]|''aik'', twelfth}}
===Ordinal numerals===
Ordinal numbers belong into the word class of ''Kzanos''.

For example while ''ai'' means ''twelve'' ''aik'' refers to the ''twelfth'' of a row.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]][[Image:KL-k'-form.png]]|''ayaik'', the twelfth part}}
===Fractions===
Fractions are written using ''ya'' a ksin meaning ''to divide'', that is often shortened to ''y''' when used for this purpose. Depending on their usage the fraction can be a ksin or a kzan.

Fractions with a low denominator are commonly used to form other word classes as well. ''The half'' for example is ''kayi'' in Klyros while ''ayik'' would mean ''half'' in the sense of a Common adjective.

===Negative===
Numbers can be turned negative by adding ''nu'' to the beginning. When the number is pronounced, however, the ''u'' in ''nu'' is dropped, so -37564 is pronounced ''nuiioaae''.

==Typography==
There is no punctuation in Klyros. Sentences are simply separated by a full space, meaning a blank that is equal the size of a ideogram. Words within a sentence are mostly separated by a half-space, half the width of an ideogram. Sometimes, especially often found in ancient poetry, there is no word spacing, to the effect of making the poem more aesthetic to the onlooker but also a lot harder to read and interpret.

==Names==
Some Klyros names are made up of multiple words, or distortions of words, put together to have a hidden meaning. For example, Haiim literally means "to wait, to have opportunity," but if you look at those words together, then you can see hidden meanings like "he who waits for opportunities," which could be taken to mean many other things. Other names don't have meanings, and just sound nice.

''[Editor's note: If you are a Klyros and would like for your name to mean something, then click on the below link and add words to mean things. Remember, though, that Klyran words are usually only one, sometimes two, syllables long. If certain syllables are already taken, don't change them, just use them to your advantage. If you can't think of anything that uses those syllables, remember hidden meanings; Haiim has the hidden meaning of "Ninja." Think of things like that.]''

==See also==
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary]]

[[Category:Klyros Language]]