Klyros Language

2009-08-15T12:53:39Z

Bguy: /* Common liters */ Spelling

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-lyr-live.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|The word ''Klyros'' written in Klyros ideograms}}
The '''Klyros language''' (known as ''Klyran'' when speaking about it in common, or as ''Kgel'' (language) when speaking about it in klyran) is very simple and logical in its structure and grammar, yet powerfully flexible and adaptive like the Klyros race itself when a need for new expressions arises.

It is based on an ideographic writing system, that originates in the artistic traits of its creators, and deals mostly with concrete concepts. Most of the few abstracts that are present in the language are also used with a special grammatical function. For example to express gender or tense.

There's only one sound in Klyros pronunciation that is not available in the Common alphabet. This sound - the shwa - like a short form of the vowel in the Common word "her", is transcribed by an apostrophe when writing Klyros in the Common writing. This sound vanishes completely when it lies adjacent to another one that is not identical to the preceding. ''K''' combined with ''lyr'' becomes thus ''klyr''

==Transcription and Pronunciation==

Klyran is an ideographic language, but for the purpose of transliteration and an attempted merge with common (which was unsuccessful, thereby obsolete) [this is what should be used when speaking Klyran IG], there is an alphabet using the common symbols for letters. All letters are used for the same sounds they describe in the Common language, with a few exceptions and peculiarities:

* '''c''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in ''chase''
* '''g''' is pronounced like the second ''g'' in ''garage''
* '''q''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''
* '''x''' is pronounced like the ''sh'' in ''shine''
* '''z''' is a lisping sound that is made by first pushing the tongue lightly against the back of the incisors while pronouncing an s and then gliding the tongue to the front between the teeth, linguistically a voiced inter-dental affricate
*''' ' ''' is and extra vowel. It is pronounced like the ''e'' in ''her''
* A double occurrence of a vowel signifies it is used in its long form (for example: ''aa'' is pronounced ''ay'' as in ''pay'' and ''uu'' is pronounced ''oo'' as in ''boot'')

Vowel length is always constant. Long vowels are transcribed as double vowels.

==Word classes==

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-sin-do.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ksinos''}}
===Ksinos (process words)===
The base of the Klyros language are '''Ksinos''', the process words that roughly correspond to the verbs in Common. Each ideogram refers to a process word. All other words are derived from Ksinos using pre-, suf-, or circumfixes.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ksinos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-on-exist.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''konos''}}
===Konos (substantial words)===
Substantial words named '''Konos''' refer to physical things, or seldom abstract concepts. They are almost identical to the nouns of Common. The formation of nouns happens through the prefix ''"K'"'', which standing alone means ''to form'', that is added to a Ksin and usually a suffix to clarify the meaning.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Konos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kzanos''}}

===Kzanos (descriptive words)===
'''Kzanos''' literally translates to the Common word ''colours''. It describes a word class of attributes and descriptive expressions that can be seen as a mixture between Common adjectives and adverbs. There are two main types of Kzanos: Descriptive ones and Possessive ones.

====Possesive Kzanos====
Possessive Kzanos are formed by replasing "k-" prefix with one of Kzanos forming ones like "xu-". They characterize object by its relation with other objects.

====Descriptive Kzanos====
Descriptive Kzanos define properties of the object. They are formed by prefix "zan-".

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-efa-think.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kefaos''}}

===Kefaos (logic words)===
The logic words or '''Kefaos''' (lit. ''thoughts'') are used to make logical connections between Klyros phrases. They can be compared to linking words, conjunctions of the Common. Most of them are formed using the ksin ''jo-'' (''to join'') as a word class prefix.

Accordingly, ''jojo'' for example is the Klyros counterpart of Common ''and'', and ''joja'' is the counterpart for ''or''. Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ktenos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-ten-switch.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ktenos''}}

===Ktenos (replacement words)===
'''Ktenos''' are the equivalent of Common pronouns though their usage is more difficult and subject to cultural peculiarities.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Usage of Ktenos|correct formation and usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-net-relate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knetos''}}
===Knetos (relation words)===
What Common refers to as a preposition is called '''Knetos''' in Klyros. These words are formed using the prefix ''net'' and used to describe mainly but not exclusively temporal and spatial relations.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Knetos morphology|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]][[Image:KL-Bix-Sound.jpg]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knubixos''}}

===Knubixos (silent words)===
Knubixos are ideograms that have no spoken counterpart. They are optional, usually placed at the end of the word. They signify special conditions of words (such as whether they are a name). Their use is uncommon, but not unheard of, in modern written Klyran

==Descriptor precedence==
Since Klyros is a highly agglutinative language, it is important to know what the correct precedence of the descriptors in word is:
#possible (dis)honoring prefix
#optional prefix-connecting ideogram
#word class descriptor
#the root of the word
#person descriptor
#gender descriptor
#numeral descriptor
#temporal descriptor
#voice descriptor
#mood descriptor
#other suffixes
#optional suffix-connecting ideogram
#possible (dis)honoring suffix

In compound words there can be of course descriptors to each of the composed ksinos.
Other prefixes/suffixes have equal precedence, so they may be placed in any order.

==(Dis)honoring prefixes and suffixes==
One intresting aspect of Klyran is one can add optional honoring or dishonoring suffixes to Kon or Kten. This is used to show personal attitude or social position of the one spoken about.

Prefixes indicate personal attitude of speaker, even socially forced. Commonly used honoring prefix is "wo-". It is recommended to use special prefix connection ideogram after (dis)honoring prefixes. The ideogram is Knubix and has no sound of its own. Instead while being spelled it is interprited as pause little bit longer then between ordinary syllables. In transliteration in is written as "-".

Suffixes indicate social status of the one spoken about. It is recommended to use special suffix connection ideogram before (dis)honoring suffix. The ideogram is Knubix and has no sound of its own. Instead while being spelled it is interprited as pause little bit longer then between ordinary syllables. In transliteration in is written as "-".

==Usage of Ksinos==
Ksinos, like verbs, have subdivisions that roughly correspond to the subdivisions in Common.
===Action===
Action Ksinos are simple. It is merely the word and any descriptors. Plurality, persons, and gender are all optional to add. When speaking in past tense, "far" is added to the word. When speaking in future tense "ga" is added to the word.

===Auxiliary===
Auxiliary Ksinos are all based off of the klyran word "a" which refers to one or equals. By itself "a" works for most singular auxiliary verbs in first, second, and third persons. When using it to describe the state of plural words, you add the suffix "os" to make it "aos" which again works in first, second and third persons. When speaking in past or future tense, you add "far" and "ga" respectively. Gender descriptors may be added, but they are unnecessary.
====Modal====
Modal verbs, like can, could, should, and ought, are like their auxiliary counterparts, but instead of them being based on the word "a" they are based on the word "kee". Like "a" it works for singular verbs in first, second and third persons. "Keeos" is the plural form, and gender and tense descriptors can be added as needed.

It must be noted that modal ksinos are result of influence of Common on Klyran evolution during last centuries. Ancient Klyran doesn't have modal ksinos treated specially.

===Passive Voice===
For Passive Voice formation "-san" suffix is used. Auxiliary verb is not used in Passive Voice phrases unlike "to be" in Common.

''Example: "ze" - "I", "der" - "heal", "-san" - Passive Voice suffix, in total: "ze dersan" - "I am healed"'', ''"ze dersanga"'' - ''"I was healed"''

===Grammatical moods===
In Klyran there are four main moods: indicative, conjunctive, imperative and infinitive (some don't consider the last as a mood). To indicate the mood of ksin several suffixes exist.

For conjunctive mood "-je" is the only suffix. It cannot be omitted.

For indicative mood there is "-ce" suffix that is usually omitted. When it isn't omitted it corresponds to addition "to do" that show assurance in Common like "I '''do''' want to help".

For imperative mood there are number of suffixes that correspond to different sort of request from begging to ordering with threat of killing in case of refusal. These suffixes can be omitted. If the sentence has no subject then it is in imperative mood.

For infinitive mood there is "-lee" suffix that cannot be omitted.

===Grammatical tenses===
Klyran doesn't have continious or perfect aspects at all. Continuous aspect is just removed. Perfect aspect is roughly equal to moving to past tense.

So for Klyran there are 3 tenses: past (suffix "-ga" is used), present (no temporal indication suffix) and future ("-far" suffix).

===Questions===
When asking a question in Klyran, like in common, the first word in the sentence is usually a question word like who, what, when, etc. In klyran, the question word also works as the auxiliary verb following it (the "is" in "who is") making it a ksinos. It is, however, grammatically optional to include the auxiliary anyway. When it is not included, the question word must include a tense (past and present) and whether it is singular or plural. Question words may have a gender descriptor and a persons descriptor, but it is highly unusual.

====Auxiliary Questions====
In common, many interrogative sentences begin with and auxiliary word such as is, were, and are, rather than question words.. In klyran, when these sentences occur, the auxiliary verb at the beginning is removed and the prefix "kee" is added to the main Ksinos in the sentence. So when you ask "Will he go?" it will be translated to be "Yalim keefarga" rather than "Aga yalim farga".

==Usage of Konos==
Konos are a subjective part of Klyran. Do to them being just a Ksinos with k in the beginning, they can have a wide variety of meanings and uses. As a rule of thumb, choose the most specific ksinos to turn into konos. It is mostly a matter of being understood, so it is best to put them into context almost all the time.

===Morphology of Konos===
From each ksin there can be several konos formed. Every kon has "k-" prefix
that specifies the word you is kon. Then after "k-" there is the root ideogram
that defines what action kon is all about. And then sub-class suffix could be.
If it is then it is just after the root.

It is the suffix that makes konos derived from one ksin different. To
understand better the suffix sense, you should understand that in Klyran every
ksin has several aspects with specific suffix. Most common are:
#the one, who does the process ("-sin"), equivalent to Common "-er"
#the object or person, the process is done upon ("-san"), equivalent to Common "-ee"
#the starting point (temporal) of the process ("-ris")
#the time when the process takes place ("-qe")
#the ending point (temporal) of the process ("-rad")
#the starting point (spacial location) of the process ("-wef")
#the place where the process takes place ("-qo")
#the ending point (spacial location) of the process ("-wer")
#the result of the process ("-bav")
#the tool that is used in the process ("-pac")
#the reason of the process ("-qi")
#the assistant in the process ("-po")
#the process itself (no suffix)
So to have kon that defines the target of the process just add "k-" prefix and
"-san" suffix to the root. So:
"gul" is "to hate";
"kgul" is "hating";
"kgulsin" is "the one who hates";
"kgulsan" is "the hated one";
"kjo" is "joining";
"kjobav" is "unity (created by the process of kjo)"

Of course, not each ksin has all possible konos, for example "kgulpac" is nonsense - no tool is used in hating.

However, there are cases when the sense of kon without sub-class suffix differs from "the process", or "proper" suffix is not used. These exceptions from general morphological rule are to be learned.

As most notable example: "Klyros" is not "processes of living", but "people".

===Standard Phrases===
While konos is subjective, there are common phrases that are understood to mean certain things. For example ''kfar'' is known to mean goodbye, and ''kga'' is known to be hello. Unfortunately, common phrases are not universal, so different communities and different people can say different things for the same meanings. For example, ''Ze wo'' (I greet) and ''kwo'' (greetings) are other accepted variations of saying hello. There are no phrases considered "formal" though it is considered polite for visitors to adapt their phrases to the customs of the place they are visiting (which leads to the unofficial custom of visitors waiting to be greeted before greeting). "Informal" phrases are anything that can be interpreted as rude.

===Konos as Ktenos===
Konos, known grammatically for the ''k'' prefix, sometimes become burdensome to repeat. For this reason, Konos can grammatically become Ktenos by removing the k prefix. This is done usually when it is obvious that the word is an object/person/place/idea, rather than an action. For example, in the statement ''ze wo ksiblim'' (I greet Brother), the ''k'' in ''ksiblim'' can be removed making the phrase ''ze wo siblim.'' This practice is avoided in official documents, but is very common everywhere else.

==Kzanos morphology==

Like konos, kzanos have strict morphology that is hovewer flexible and powerful
when one learns how to use it.

Unlike konos, kzanos have several possible prefixes. Most common are "xu-" and
"zan-" for two different types of kzanos.

First type is easier to understand. It is called possessive form, but it not
always deals with possession or owning. It is made of kon be replasing "k-"
prefix with "xu-". The result is kzan that indicates connection of kon/ksin it
is used for with original kon.

For example "mef" is "to teach", "maad" is "to learn". "kmaadsin" is "student",
"kmefsin" is "teacher", "xumefsin" is "teacher's". So if we have "xumefsin
kmaadsin" then it is "teacher's student" or "student of teacher".

One more intresting thing is one can make kon out of such kzan by adding "k-"
prefix again. The result will be something like "the one, which relates to
original kon". Better to get with example. Once again, "kmefsin" is "teacher",
"xumefsin" is "teacher's", but "kxumefsin" is "teacher's one".

"zan-" is more common kzanos forming prefix. Just like in case of konos there
can be following suffix for subclass specification.
Possible suffixes
"-sin" is roughly equal to "-ing" ending in Common, that makes a participle out
of verb. For example "lim" is "to fly", "klesin" is "leader" so "zanlimsin
lesin" is "flying leader".
"-san" is roughly equaly to "ed" ending in Common. For example "nyar" is to
kill, "zannyarsan klesin" is "killed leader"

==Usage of Ktenos==
It is highly advisable to pay attention to the correct use of ktenos when communicating in Klyros. Wrongly used they can easily be a cause for offence.
===Personal===

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ze'' (''I'') and ''zeos'' (''we'')}}
====First person====
The most unproblematic of the ktenos is the one referring to oneself alone. The first person singular is ''ze'' (archaic also 'kze').

The first person plural is ''zeos''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]| ''zelim'', and ''zemil''}}
Note that the use of the honorific ''wo'' together with the first person is considered uppish, except for a ruler. (It would be appropriate where Common makes use of the "pluralis maiestatis", "''we, the octarch''")

It is polite for a Klyros to give the own gender when addressing a non-Klyros. (It is not alway easy for foreigners to discern the Klyros sexes from their appearance). In these cases 'I' translates to ''zelim'' for a male and ''zemil'' for a female.

There is also asexual gender descriptor "-kya", which makes "zekya" form possible to use for Kran (definitely not for Klyros).

====Second person====
{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''yi'' (''you'')}}
In contrast it is most important not to use a gender descriptor when addressing someone directly. That is done with ''yi'' only. The use of ''yilim'' or ''yimil'' between persons who are not familiar is more or less disrespectful depending on whether the grammatical gender matches the sex of the addressee.

In an intimate relation ''yilim'' and ''yimil'' place an non-ambiguous emphasis on the addressee's sex, while in combination with the honorific prefix ''wo-'' it is considered a term of endearment.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-wo-honour.png]][[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''woyi'' (respectful ''you'')}}
The use of ''woyilim'' or ''woyimil'' outside of an intimate relationship equals a proposal.

The standard form of addressing people unknown to oneself or in an especially respectful manner is ''woyi''.

The honorific can be used as a suffix to honour high-ranking individuals when addressing them: ''woyiwo'' corresponds to ''your highness''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]|''yalim'' (''he''), and ''yamil'' (''she'')}}
====Third person====
Talking about an individual it is obligatory to make use of a gender descriptor. Everything else would be considered very disrespectful. Thus Common ''he'' translates to ''yalim'' and ''she'' to ''yamil'', ''kra'' to ''yakya''. When talking about someone who is present it is considered polite to make use of the honorific, but not obligatory, if you are familiar with the subject. For inanimate objects ''kya'' is used which means ''it''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''yaos'' (''them'')}}
Talking about a group of people who are known to belong to one sex only, you usually use the gender descriptor aswell (''yalimos'', ''yamilos''). But do not so, if the sexes of all the subjects are not exactly known. For mixed groups only use ''yaos''. The use of the honorific is arbitrary in the plural, depending on the situation.

===Possessives===
*'''my''' & '''mine''': ''xuze'' & ''kxuze''
*'''your''' & '''yours''': ''xuyi'' & ''kxuyi''
*'''his''' & '''his''': ''xuyalim'' & ''kxuyalim''
*'''her''' & '''hers''': ''xuyamil'' & ''kxuyamil''
*'''kra's''' & '''kra's''': ''xuyakya'' & ''kxuyakya''
*'''its''' & '''its''': ''xukya'' & ''kxukya''
*'''our''' & '''ours''': ''xuzeos'' & ''kxuzeos''
*'''your''' & '''yours''' (pl): ''xuyios'' & ''kxuyios''
*'''their''' & '''theirs''': ''xuyaos'' & ''kxuyaos''

===Deixis===
*'''here & there''': ''rafnet'' & ''farnet''
*'''this & that''': ''kyaraf'' & ''kyafar''
*'''these & those''': ''kyarafos'' & ''kyafaros''

==Usage of Kefaos==
For the purpose of understanding Kefaos, there are two catagories of words based on their common counterparts. It should be noted, however, that these are unofficial catagories made only to help those who are learning Klyran as a second or third language.

===Conjunction Kefaos===
These Kefoas roughly correspond to conjunctions in common. They include ''and'' (jojo), ''if'' (je), ''or'' (joja), ''not and'' (ne), etc. While they mean the same as conjuctions, they don't have to link things together. Because this is confusing to Common speakers, that practice has dwindled.

===Logic Kefaos===
These Kefoas are used for logical purposes. They include yes, no, true, false, sometimes true, etc. While they aren't considered conjunctions in common, they can be used as conjunctions in Klyran.

===Placement===
Like conjunctions is Common, Kefoas are usually placed between the Konos to show they are connected. Unlike conjunctions, they may not be used to combine complete sentences together, and combining phrases is limited, but not unheard of. When used in listing, like conjunctions again, they may be placed between the last two things being listed instead of between everything.

When Kefaos are not being used as conjunctions, they can be placed as needed in sentences. They are often interrupt sentences in order to put emphasis on truthfulness, falsehood, or whatever the situation demands.

==Knetos morphology==
Generally knetos are formed by adding specific suffix to "net" prefix so technically knetos have no root. To understand what suffixes are suitable you should first understand aspects of ksinos. According to logic of Klyran every ksin has several aspects of it. Most common are (generally the same with suffixes used in [[#Morphology of Konos|konos formation]]):
#the one, who does the process ("-sin")
#the target of the process ("-san")
#the starting point (temporal) of the process ("-ris")
#the time when the process takes place ("-qe")
#the ending point (temporal) of the process ("-rad")
#the starting point (spacial location) of the process ("-wef")
#the place where the process takes place ("-qo")
#the ending point (spacial location) of the process ("-wer")
#the tool that is used in the process ("-pac")
#the reason of the process ("-qi")
#the assistant in the process ("-po")
''Example: So "netwef" is "from" (space location), "netpo" is "with help of" (somebody), "netpac" is "using" (some tool).''

==Numbers==
The concept of the Klyros numbering system might strike foreigners somewhat odd as the cardinal numbers are regarded a process and accordingly are expressed through Ksin. The digits are pronounced as vowels of different pitch and length.

===Cardinal numerals===
The base of the Klyros numbering is a decimal system almost identical to the Common one. The difference is that the symbol for zero is not used to form number values higher than nine. Instead there is a special symbol meaning "ten" that is not used separately. It is appears where you would expect a zero in a number of Common. The digits are formed by the following ideograms:

{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading || || Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''1'''</big> || [[Image:KL-a-equal.png]] || a
|              
| <big>'''6'''</big> || [[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]] || aa
|-
| <big>'''2'''</big> || [[Image:KL-i-double.png]] || i
|              
| <big>'''7'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]] || ii
|-
| <big>'''3'''</big> || [[Image:KL-u-triple.png]] || u
|              
| <big>'''8'''</big> || [[Image:KL-uu-octuple.png]] || uu
|-
| <big>'''4'''</big> || [[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]] || e
|              
| <big>'''9'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ee-nonuple.png]] || ee
|-
| <big>'''5'''</big> || [[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]] || o
|              
| <big>'''(10)'''</big> || [[Image:KL-oo-decuple.png]] || oo
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-u-triple.png]][[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]][[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]][[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]][[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]]|''uiioaae'', 37564}}
Thus the word ''uiioaae'' is the pronunciation of the number 37564. If the numbers pronounced as the same vowels are adjacent there is a short shwa or pause inserted to discern them from one another. So ''uiioaa'a'' means 37561.

The number zero is written as ''nu'' which means ''to negate'' (or as substantial form ''knu'' i.e. ''nothing'')
{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''0'''</big> || [[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]] || nu
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]]|''zanai'', twelfth}}

===Ordinal numerals===
Ordinal numbers belong into the word class of ''Kzanos''.

For example while ''ai'' means ''twelve'' ''zanai'' refers to the ''twelfth'' of a row.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]]|''zanayai'', the twelfth part}}

===Fractions===
Fractions are written using ''ya'' a ksin meaning ''to divide'', that is often shortened to ''y''' when used for this purpose. Depending on their usage the fraction can be a ksin or a kzan.

Fractions with a low denominator are commonly used to form other word classes as well. ''The half'' for example is ''kayi'' in Klyros while ''zanayi'' would mean ''half'' in the sense of a Common adjective.

===Negative===
Numbers can be turned negative by adding ''nu'' to the beginning. When the number is pronounced, however, the ''u'' in ''nu'' is dropped, so -37564 is pronounced ''nuiioaae''.

==Typography==
There is no punctuation in Klyros. Sentences are simply separated by a full space, meaning a blank that is equal the size of a ideogram. Words within a sentence are mostly separated by a half-space, half the width of an ideogram. Sometimes, especially often found in ancient poetry, there is no word spacing, to the effect of making the poem more aesthetic to the onlooker but also a lot harder to read and interpret.

==Common Letters==
Klyran has limited use of Common words, mainly names. For that special class of ideograms exist - Common letters. It has no upper or lower case hovewer.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-common-a.png]][[Image:KL-common-b.png]][[Image:KL-common-c.png]][[Image:KL-common-d.png]][[Image:KL-common-e.png]][[Image:KL-common-f.png]][[Image:KL-common-g.png]][[Image:KL-common-h.png]][[Image:KL-common-i.png]][[Image:KL-common-j.png]][[Image:KL-common-k.png]][[Image:KL-common-l.png]][[Image:KL-common-m.png]][[Image:KL-common-n.png]][[Image:KL-common-o.png]][[Image:KL-common-p.png]][[Image:KL-common-q.png]][[Image:KL-common-r.png]][[Image:KL-common-s.png]][[Image:KL-common-t.png]][[Image:KL-common-u.png]][[Image:KL-common-v.png]][[Image:KL-common-w.png]][[Image:KL-common-x.png]][[Image:KL-common-y.png]][[Image:KL-common-z.png]]|Common alphabet as Klyran ideograms}}

==Names==
Some Klyros names are made up of multiple words, or distortions of words, put together to have a hidden meaning. For example, Haiim literally means "to wait, to have opportunity," but if you look at those words together, then you can see hidden meanings like "he who waits for opportunities," which could be taken to mean many other things. Other names don't have meanings, and just sound nice.

However, with centuries many Klyros communities abandoned Klyran, so many modern Klyros names even do not have spelling in Klyran

''[Editor's note: If you are a Klyros and would like for your name to mean something, then click on the below link and add words to mean things. Remember, though, that Klyran words are usually only one, sometimes two, syllables long. If certain syllables are already taken, don't change them, just use them to your advantage. If you can't think of anything that uses those syllables, remember hidden meanings.]''

==See also==
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary]]
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary/Transliteration]]

[[Category:Klyros Language]]

Talk:Klyros Language

2009-08-13T13:04:22Z

Bguy: /* Common words */

Just thought I'd open this discussion so that there could be communication between people who are working on this language.
-bguy

==Usage of Kefaos==
I think it would be good to expand upon this section, but I am not sure how I would do so. Any ideas?
-bguy

==Knubixos==
The only use for Knubixos I can think of is signifying that word is someone's signature. Are there any other uses anyone can think of because that?
-bguy

Well, it can be used as punctuation like end of sentence or end of paragraph or something.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 17:59, 20 May 2009 (PDT)

In the typography section it says that there is no punctuation, just spaces for end of sentences and half spaces for end of words, and even those are optional.
-bguy

== Konos and Kzanos morphology ==

It looks like it is now required strongly to specify ''' ''strict morphology'' ''' of konos and kzanos. There must be a set of rules that can at least clearly define '''word class''' and '''the root''' of it. As we have some material on it I think that word class is to be defined by one prefix, sometimes two. I strongly recommend not to implement other types of prefixes.

Otherwise there will be no language but mess of things.

For now I start to look at current honoring "wo-" prefix with indignation.

Also for konos there can be several of them derived from single ksin. It should be some sub-class suffix I think. We now have only "-san" and "-sin". It should be more. I think something for place where the action takes place, result of it maybe. I wonder if we could you Hrothgart's ideograms qu, qa etc. It still shall be considered and discussed.

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 05:27, 21 May 2009 (PDT)

Perhaps prefixes should be reserved for word class as you said, and also very important descriptors, so it would work as a title of degree. For example, '''ksiblimwo''' would mean "a brother I honor" while '''kwosiblim''' means "an honorable brother that you should honor as well". This would allow for more word diversity, and if it is noted that the practice is mostly for poetic effect, it would take care of the multitudes of prefixes that are derived from suffixes.
-bguy

Once again, the potential difficulty that we could face in further developing is to define '''the root'''. For example '''kwosiblim''' is "wo" the root or "sib"?

I've been thinking for quite some time on idea of special silent words that are used to split honoring prefixes/suffixes from the main.

Like '''ksiblim-wo''' instead of '''ksiblimwo''' and '''wo-ksiblim''' instead of '''kwosiblim'''. Much more clear for me. Being silent word it show have no sounds of it own but while spelling maybe it could mean little bit longer pause between syllables. It would however look like Japanese transliteration. You know, Somebody-kun, Someone-sama :).

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 04:00, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

- Sounds reasonable. Would there be an ideogram to represent this, or would it be limited to transliteration? Also would it be a strict requirement for grammar, or used as needed for differing situations?

- Ideogram will be better I think. Or maybe two - for splitting the word core from (dis)honoring prefixes and suffixes. As for use. Well, it could be optional but still recommended. What would you think? --[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 23:23, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

==Knetos Morphology==
In the current morphology of Knetos, you describe them as Net with a specific suffix. How does this show spatial relationships or other prepositions, and if it is just such, what is the purpose as these are already described in the Ksinos' suffixes?
-bguy

It's just I cannot yet find good enough ideograms for spatial and temporal relations. For now there is only "netqo" - analogous to "at" in English. But for now there is no "from" or "to" knetos.

As for dublication... maybe we'll get rid of it later.

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 14:09, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

== Kzanos and desriptive ksinos? ==

It looks like Klyran now lacks kzanos. It is not about their number but about concept. For example how can we write "red house". I concern "red" now. There should be certain ksin as base of word "red". If it is "to be red" ksin then we need a whole class of ksinos of type "to be ..." (blue, kind, strong, gentle, shy, weak, etc.). And for that class kzanos starting with zan- are derived.

Otherwise we should change original idea of Klyran as verb-only-base language.

--Grigori

My opinion on this is that Kzanos would be a more figurative language. For example, "fuu" means to shroud or to hide, while "xufuu" could mean black. "Xunwos" (under the assumption Klyran blood is red) could be red, "xulim" sky blue, "xumil" ocean blue, etc. As this is a klyros language, association between colors and words don't have to "make sense" to the general population, as long as it "makes sense" to Klyros of the long ago when it was made. If you don't object to this, we could add to the Language page a list of colors and their words,

--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 12:43, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

#At least lets don't use "xu-" for descriptive kzanos. Let it be "zan-". "xu-" is for possessive.
#It really would be complicated. So a ksin has meaning as verb and also as adverb/adjective if "zan-" is added to the beginning with little logical connection with the verb. It can save us much time on drawing ideograms of course but we'll for each ideogram make 2 such senses (verb & adverb/adjective).

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 04:51, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
#Sorry, I had a thought xu was descriptive for some reason.
#It doesn't have to be complicated. We could have a list of 10 or so colors, and those would be the only colors (others would be like greenish-blue so a mix of two words). Not every word needs a separate descriptive. Zanbel just could mean "like a cry" or "crying" in gerund form (is it gerund?) and zanda could be "thankful".
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:36, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

So be it. Still we need many adjectives so I'll soon change Vocabulary table.
Well, we could need several kzanos derived from single root but for such we could use some sub-class suffixes.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 15:02, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

IF you use sub-class suffixes, perhaps it could be different senses, like sound, taste, sight, smell, touch... and maybe two more creative ones...
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 18:31, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

:Lets leave it so far.--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 16:27, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

== Grammar ==

How many tenses should Klyran have? Common has more then dozen, its quite complicated especially as many are not English-speakers.

Some languages have only past, present and future. Much simpler especially as many players use Common that way (like saying Present Simple "Person waves" instead of Present Progressive "Person is waving" or Present perfect "Person has waved").

:I've already simplified this with the auxiliary word "a." (read under ksinos, there are a couple paragraphs about this) The only tenses are past, present, and future. In "Person is Waving" it would become "person waves" as in current grammar the Auxiliary is removed and there is no "ing" ending.
:--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 12:19, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

::Ok, then few more to discuss:

::There should be sort of conjunctive mood, imperative mood and infinitive. As for conjunctive mood I'd like it to be simple "-je" suffix. Dunno about infinitive, but for imperative we could make several possible suffixes. Like "asking" suffix, "begging" suffix, "commanding" one or even "threatening" one :).

::Morethere we still should define aspects. Ok, no continuous one. What is left? Perfective and imperfective?

::--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 15:20, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

:::I really like the moods idea. About the aspects, a few of your suffixes work as aspects, as using them when they are optional puts emphasis on them. To keep it simple, I'd suggest that all are optional as we have been doing. I don't believe Klyran needs to have a strict grammar, such as a subject-predicate order or the like. Klyran would be a language of major variance to represent different cultures, in this way, I believe that for every "complex" grammar rule, it has a defined, simplified, and negated versions to be able to be used. Such as with the suffixes for example. Lack of suffixes is "negated," sin and san only is "simplified," and all the others added in is the "defined." I think it works well this way.

:::--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 16:11, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

::::Hmm, anything can be actually optional if it can be defined from the context or actually is not something really important for sense core.

::::Lets think about mood. If the sentence have no subject then the only verb should be interpreted as one in imperative mood (as in English). There could be imperative mood suffix, but it is optional, to clarify whether it is begging, command or something else. If there is sequence of 2 verbs then the last can be considered as infinitive with no special particle "to" like in English. But still, I'd prefer simple grammar only with methods of clarifying. There should optional suffix for infinitive. And for conjunctive mood... there must be a suffix, not optional otherwise you won't distinguish it with indicative mood, so let it be "-je".

::::However optionality and non-strict grammar rules clearly must have limits. We can't violate subject-predicate order, there would be no difference in "I rob you" and "You rob me". There are of course languages with no strict word order, but they have grammatical cases of words. Believe me, when I say we don't want it here.

::::--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 01:20, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

== Textbook ==
Well, the language becomes more and more formed. And with it more and more grammatical components of it are described in the article. It becomes difficult to understand it. We need a textbook. "Learning Klyran for dummies"... He-he :D.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 01:16, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

I was actually going to write this and try to submit it to Jayose Library if the Explorers are still open for submissions.
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:28, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

== Common words ==
As Klyros have lived for so long in Yliakum, they need to be able to write Common words in Klyran. Even if we consider Klyran language as abandoned one and recently recovered and re-learned there is still need in writing at least names. There are two ways I see:
#To imitate the spelling with Klyran ideograms. Not a good way.
#To have new class of ideograms - Common liters.
I think the second is better but it is going to take some time. I will work on it.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 01:16, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

:This is ok, but I think its only purpose is for translating names out of Klyran origin and for Klyran to common transliteration. I think a simplified alphabet would do the trick. Perhaps 14 letters? (You can easily get this by combining repeat letters like g and j; c, k, and x; b and v, e and i; ch and sh; etc.)
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:32, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

::I don't get it. How can I rid of 12 liters? Ok, instead of "x" I get "ks", "v" instead of "w", "q"="ku", But what is with the rest?--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 07:39, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

As I said, simplified. Here is one right now. A, C, D, E, F, G, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, V, SH. 16 letters is enough. Any word using letters out of these can be simplified. Butterfly -> Voterfla. It sounds awkward, but it will due for its limited use.
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:04, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Talk:Klyros Language

2009-08-12T13:32:28Z

Bguy: /* Common words */

Just thought I'd open this discussion so that there could be communication between people who are working on this language.
-bguy

==Usage of Kefaos==
I think it would be good to expand upon this section, but I am not sure how I would do so. Any ideas?
-bguy

==Knubixos==
The only use for Knubixos I can think of is signifying that word is someone's signature. Are there any other uses anyone can think of because that?
-bguy

Well, it can be used as punctuation like end of sentence or end of paragraph or something.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 17:59, 20 May 2009 (PDT)

In the typography section it says that there is no punctuation, just spaces for end of sentences and half spaces for end of words, and even those are optional.
-bguy

== Konos and Kzanos morphology ==

It looks like it is now required strongly to specify ''' ''strict morphology'' ''' of konos and kzanos. There must be a set of rules that can at least clearly define '''word class''' and '''the root''' of it. As we have some material on it I think that word class is to be defined by one prefix, sometimes two. I strongly recommend not to implement other types of prefixes.

Otherwise there will be no language but mess of things.

For now I start to look at current honoring "wo-" prefix with indignation.

Also for konos there can be several of them derived from single ksin. It should be some sub-class suffix I think. We now have only "-san" and "-sin". It should be more. I think something for place where the action takes place, result of it maybe. I wonder if we could you Hrothgart's ideograms qu, qa etc. It still shall be considered and discussed.

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 05:27, 21 May 2009 (PDT)

Perhaps prefixes should be reserved for word class as you said, and also very important descriptors, so it would work as a title of degree. For example, '''ksiblimwo''' would mean "a brother I honor" while '''kwosiblim''' means "an honorable brother that you should honor as well". This would allow for more word diversity, and if it is noted that the practice is mostly for poetic effect, it would take care of the multitudes of prefixes that are derived from suffixes.
-bguy

Once again, the potential difficulty that we could face in further developing is to define '''the root'''. For example '''kwosiblim''' is "wo" the root or "sib"?

I've been thinking for quite some time on idea of special silent words that are used to split honoring prefixes/suffixes from the main.

Like '''ksiblim-wo''' instead of '''ksiblimwo''' and '''wo-ksiblim''' instead of '''kwosiblim'''. Much more clear for me. Being silent word it show have no sounds of it own but while spelling maybe it could mean little bit longer pause between syllables. It would however look like Japanese transliteration. You know, Somebody-kun, Someone-sama :).

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 04:00, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

- Sounds reasonable. Would there be an ideogram to represent this, or would it be limited to transliteration? Also would it be a strict requirement for grammar, or used as needed for differing situations?

- Ideogram will be better I think. Or maybe two - for splitting the word core from (dis)honoring prefixes and suffixes. As for use. Well, it could be optional but still recommended. What would you think? --[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 23:23, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

==Knetos Morphology==
In the current morphology of Knetos, you describe them as Net with a specific suffix. How does this show spatial relationships or other prepositions, and if it is just such, what is the purpose as these are already described in the Ksinos' suffixes?
-bguy

It's just I cannot yet find good enough ideograms for spatial and temporal relations. For now there is only "netqo" - analogous to "at" in English. But for now there is no "from" or "to" knetos.

As for dublication... maybe we'll get rid of it later.

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 14:09, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

== Kzanos and desriptive ksinos? ==

It looks like Klyran now lacks kzanos. It is not about their number but about concept. For example how can we write "red house". I concern "red" now. There should be certain ksin as base of word "red". If it is "to be red" ksin then we need a whole class of ksinos of type "to be ..." (blue, kind, strong, gentle, shy, weak, etc.). And for that class kzanos starting with zan- are derived.

Otherwise we should change original idea of Klyran as verb-only-base language.

--Grigori

My opinion on this is that Kzanos would be a more figurative language. For example, "fuu" means to shroud or to hide, while "xufuu" could mean black. "Xunwos" (under the assumption Klyran blood is red) could be red, "xulim" sky blue, "xumil" ocean blue, etc. As this is a klyros language, association between colors and words don't have to "make sense" to the general population, as long as it "makes sense" to Klyros of the long ago when it was made. If you don't object to this, we could add to the Language page a list of colors and their words,

--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 12:43, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

#At least lets don't use "xu-" for descriptive kzanos. Let it be "zan-". "xu-" is for possessive.
#It really would be complicated. So a ksin has meaning as verb and also as adverb/adjective if "zan-" is added to the beginning with little logical connection with the verb. It can save us much time on drawing ideograms of course but we'll for each ideogram make 2 such senses (verb & adverb/adjective).

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 04:51, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
#Sorry, I had a thought xu was descriptive for some reason.
#It doesn't have to be complicated. We could have a list of 10 or so colors, and those would be the only colors (others would be like greenish-blue so a mix of two words). Not every word needs a separate descriptive. Zanbel just could mean "like a cry" or "crying" in gerund form (is it gerund?) and zanda could be "thankful".
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:36, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

So be it. Still we need many adjectives so I'll soon change Vocabulary table.
Well, we could need several kzanos derived from single root but for such we could use some sub-class suffixes.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 15:02, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

IF you use sub-class suffixes, perhaps it could be different senses, like sound, taste, sight, smell, touch... and maybe two more creative ones...
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 18:31, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

:Lets leave it so far.--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 16:27, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

== Grammar ==

How many tenses should Klyran have? Common has more then dozen, its quite complicated especially as many are not English-speakers.

Some languages have only past, present and future. Much simpler especially as many players use Common that way (like saying Present Simple "Person waves" instead of Present Progressive "Person is waving" or Present perfect "Person has waved").

:I've already simplified this with the auxiliary word "a." (read under ksinos, there are a couple paragraphs about this) The only tenses are past, present, and future. In "Person is Waving" it would become "person waves" as in current grammar the Auxiliary is removed and there is no "ing" ending.
:--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 12:19, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

::Ok, then few more to discuss:

::There should be sort of conjunctive mood, imperative mood and infinitive. As for conjunctive mood I'd like it to be simple "-je" suffix. Dunno about infinitive, but for imperative we could make several possible suffixes. Like "asking" suffix, "begging" suffix, "commanding" one or even "threatening" one :).

::Morethere we still should define aspects. Ok, no continuous one. What is left? Perfective and imperfective?

::--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 15:20, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

:::I really like the moods idea. About the aspects, a few of your suffixes work as aspects, as using them when they are optional puts emphasis on them. To keep it simple, I'd suggest that all are optional as we have been doing. I don't believe Klyran needs to have a strict grammar, such as a subject-predicate order or the like. Klyran would be a language of major variance to represent different cultures, in this way, I believe that for every "complex" grammar rule, it has a defined, simplified, and negated versions to be able to be used. Such as with the suffixes for example. Lack of suffixes is "negated," sin and san only is "simplified," and all the others added in is the "defined." I think it works well this way.

:::--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 16:11, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

::::Hmm, anything can be actually optional if it can be defined from the context or actually is not something really important for sense core.

::::Lets think about mood. If the sentence have no subject then the only verb should be interpreted as one in imperative mood (as in English). There could be imperative mood suffix, but it is optional, to clarify whether it is begging, command or something else. If there is sequence of 2 verbs then the last can be considered as infinitive with no special particle "to" like in English. But still, I'd prefer simple grammar only with methods of clarifying. There should optional suffix for infinitive. And for conjunctive mood... there must be a suffix, not optional otherwise you won't distinguish it with indicative mood, so let it be "-je".

::::However optionality and non-strict grammar rules clearly must have limits. We can't violate subject-predicate order, there would be no difference in "I rob you" and "You rob me". There are of course languages with no strict word order, but they have grammatical cases of words. Believe me, when I say we don't want it here.

::::--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 01:20, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

== Textbook ==
Well, the language becomes more and more formed. And with it more and more grammatical components of it are described in the article. It becomes difficult to understand it. We need a textbook. "Learning Klyran for dummies"... He-he :D.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 01:16, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

I was actually going to write this and try to submit it to Jayose Library if the Explorers are still open for submissions.
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:28, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

== Common words ==
As Klyros have lived for so long in Yliakum, they need to be able to write Common words in Klyran. Even if we consider Klyran language as abandoned one and recently recovered and re-learned there is still need in writing at least names. There are two ways I see:
#To imitate the spelling with Klyran ideograms. Not a good way.
#To have new class of ideograms - Common liters.
I think the second is better but it is going to take some time. I will work on it.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 01:16, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

This is ok, but I think its only purpose is for translating names out of Klyran origin and for Klyran to common transliteration. I think a simplified alphabet would do the trick. Perhaps 14 letters? (You can easily get this by combining repeat letters like g and j; c, k, and x; b and v, e and i; ch and sh; etc.)
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:32, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Talk:Klyros Language

2009-08-12T13:32:13Z

Bguy: /* Common words */

Just thought I'd open this discussion so that there could be communication between people who are working on this language.
-bguy

==Usage of Kefaos==
I think it would be good to expand upon this section, but I am not sure how I would do so. Any ideas?
-bguy

==Knubixos==
The only use for Knubixos I can think of is signifying that word is someone's signature. Are there any other uses anyone can think of because that?
-bguy

Well, it can be used as punctuation like end of sentence or end of paragraph or something.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 17:59, 20 May 2009 (PDT)

In the typography section it says that there is no punctuation, just spaces for end of sentences and half spaces for end of words, and even those are optional.
-bguy

== Konos and Kzanos morphology ==

It looks like it is now required strongly to specify ''' ''strict morphology'' ''' of konos and kzanos. There must be a set of rules that can at least clearly define '''word class''' and '''the root''' of it. As we have some material on it I think that word class is to be defined by one prefix, sometimes two. I strongly recommend not to implement other types of prefixes.

Otherwise there will be no language but mess of things.

For now I start to look at current honoring "wo-" prefix with indignation.

Also for konos there can be several of them derived from single ksin. It should be some sub-class suffix I think. We now have only "-san" and "-sin". It should be more. I think something for place where the action takes place, result of it maybe. I wonder if we could you Hrothgart's ideograms qu, qa etc. It still shall be considered and discussed.

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 05:27, 21 May 2009 (PDT)

Perhaps prefixes should be reserved for word class as you said, and also very important descriptors, so it would work as a title of degree. For example, '''ksiblimwo''' would mean "a brother I honor" while '''kwosiblim''' means "an honorable brother that you should honor as well". This would allow for more word diversity, and if it is noted that the practice is mostly for poetic effect, it would take care of the multitudes of prefixes that are derived from suffixes.
-bguy

Once again, the potential difficulty that we could face in further developing is to define '''the root'''. For example '''kwosiblim''' is "wo" the root or "sib"?

I've been thinking for quite some time on idea of special silent words that are used to split honoring prefixes/suffixes from the main.

Like '''ksiblim-wo''' instead of '''ksiblimwo''' and '''wo-ksiblim''' instead of '''kwosiblim'''. Much more clear for me. Being silent word it show have no sounds of it own but while spelling maybe it could mean little bit longer pause between syllables. It would however look like Japanese transliteration. You know, Somebody-kun, Someone-sama :).

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 04:00, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

- Sounds reasonable. Would there be an ideogram to represent this, or would it be limited to transliteration? Also would it be a strict requirement for grammar, or used as needed for differing situations?

- Ideogram will be better I think. Or maybe two - for splitting the word core from (dis)honoring prefixes and suffixes. As for use. Well, it could be optional but still recommended. What would you think? --[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 23:23, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

==Knetos Morphology==
In the current morphology of Knetos, you describe them as Net with a specific suffix. How does this show spatial relationships or other prepositions, and if it is just such, what is the purpose as these are already described in the Ksinos' suffixes?
-bguy

It's just I cannot yet find good enough ideograms for spatial and temporal relations. For now there is only "netqo" - analogous to "at" in English. But for now there is no "from" or "to" knetos.

As for dublication... maybe we'll get rid of it later.

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 14:09, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

== Kzanos and desriptive ksinos? ==

It looks like Klyran now lacks kzanos. It is not about their number but about concept. For example how can we write "red house". I concern "red" now. There should be certain ksin as base of word "red". If it is "to be red" ksin then we need a whole class of ksinos of type "to be ..." (blue, kind, strong, gentle, shy, weak, etc.). And for that class kzanos starting with zan- are derived.

Otherwise we should change original idea of Klyran as verb-only-base language.

--Grigori

My opinion on this is that Kzanos would be a more figurative language. For example, "fuu" means to shroud or to hide, while "xufuu" could mean black. "Xunwos" (under the assumption Klyran blood is red) could be red, "xulim" sky blue, "xumil" ocean blue, etc. As this is a klyros language, association between colors and words don't have to "make sense" to the general population, as long as it "makes sense" to Klyros of the long ago when it was made. If you don't object to this, we could add to the Language page a list of colors and their words,

--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 12:43, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

#At least lets don't use "xu-" for descriptive kzanos. Let it be "zan-". "xu-" is for possessive.
#It really would be complicated. So a ksin has meaning as verb and also as adverb/adjective if "zan-" is added to the beginning with little logical connection with the verb. It can save us much time on drawing ideograms of course but we'll for each ideogram make 2 such senses (verb & adverb/adjective).

--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 04:51, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
#Sorry, I had a thought xu was descriptive for some reason.
#It doesn't have to be complicated. We could have a list of 10 or so colors, and those would be the only colors (others would be like greenish-blue so a mix of two words). Not every word needs a separate descriptive. Zanbel just could mean "like a cry" or "crying" in gerund form (is it gerund?) and zanda could be "thankful".
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:36, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

So be it. Still we need many adjectives so I'll soon change Vocabulary table.
Well, we could need several kzanos derived from single root but for such we could use some sub-class suffixes.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 15:02, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

IF you use sub-class suffixes, perhaps it could be different senses, like sound, taste, sight, smell, touch... and maybe two more creative ones...
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 18:31, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

:Lets leave it so far.--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 16:27, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

== Grammar ==

How many tenses should Klyran have? Common has more then dozen, its quite complicated especially as many are not English-speakers.

Some languages have only past, present and future. Much simpler especially as many players use Common that way (like saying Present Simple "Person waves" instead of Present Progressive "Person is waving" or Present perfect "Person has waved").

:I've already simplified this with the auxiliary word "a." (read under ksinos, there are a couple paragraphs about this) The only tenses are past, present, and future. In "Person is Waving" it would become "person waves" as in current grammar the Auxiliary is removed and there is no "ing" ending.
:--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 12:19, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

::Ok, then few more to discuss:

::There should be sort of conjunctive mood, imperative mood and infinitive. As for conjunctive mood I'd like it to be simple "-je" suffix. Dunno about infinitive, but for imperative we could make several possible suffixes. Like "asking" suffix, "begging" suffix, "commanding" one or even "threatening" one :).

::Morethere we still should define aspects. Ok, no continuous one. What is left? Perfective and imperfective?

::--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 15:20, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

:::I really like the moods idea. About the aspects, a few of your suffixes work as aspects, as using them when they are optional puts emphasis on them. To keep it simple, I'd suggest that all are optional as we have been doing. I don't believe Klyran needs to have a strict grammar, such as a subject-predicate order or the like. Klyran would be a language of major variance to represent different cultures, in this way, I believe that for every "complex" grammar rule, it has a defined, simplified, and negated versions to be able to be used. Such as with the suffixes for example. Lack of suffixes is "negated," sin and san only is "simplified," and all the others added in is the "defined." I think it works well this way.

:::--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 16:11, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

::::Hmm, anything can be actually optional if it can be defined from the context or actually is not something really important for sense core.

::::Lets think about mood. If the sentence have no subject then the only verb should be interpreted as one in imperative mood (as in English). There could be imperative mood suffix, but it is optional, to clarify whether it is begging, command or something else. If there is sequence of 2 verbs then the last can be considered as infinitive with no special particle "to" like in English. But still, I'd prefer simple grammar only with methods of clarifying. There should optional suffix for infinitive. And for conjunctive mood... there must be a suffix, not optional otherwise you won't distinguish it with indicative mood, so let it be "-je".

::::However optionality and non-strict grammar rules clearly must have limits. We can't violate subject-predicate order, there would be no difference in "I rob you" and "You rob me". There are of course languages with no strict word order, but they have grammatical cases of words. Believe me, when I say we don't want it here.

::::--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 01:20, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

== Textbook ==
Well, the language becomes more and more formed. And with it more and more grammatical components of it are described in the article. It becomes difficult to understand it. We need a textbook. "Learning Klyran for dummies"... He-he :D.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 01:16, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

I was actually going to write this and try to submit it to Jayose Library if the Explorers are still open for submissions.
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:28, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

== Common words ==
As Klyros have lived for so long in Yliakum, they need to be able to write Common words in Klyran. Even if we consider Klyran language as abandoned one and recently recovered and re-learned there is still need in writing at least names. There are two ways I see:
#To imitate the spelling with Klyran ideograms. Not a good way.
#To have new class of ideograms - Common liters.
I think the second is better but it is going to take some time. I will work on it.
--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 01:16, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

This is ok, but I think its only purpose is for translating names out of Klyran origin and for Klyranto common transliteration. I think a simplified alphabet would do the trick. Perhaps 14 letters? (You can easily get this by combining repeat letters like g and j; c, k, and x; b and v, e and i; ch and sh; etc.)
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 13:32, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Talk:Klyros Language

2009-08-12T13:28:20Z

Bguy: /* Textbook */

Talk:Nolthrir Language

2009-08-04T12:30:38Z

Bguy:

==Scripture==
Are you still working on this project? If yes, some time ago I invented a scripture, and as the Nolthrir don't have an own scripture yet, I thought you could perhaps use it? Greetings, Myriel

==I can take over this language==
I have some experience in linguistics and would be happy to continue working on this language [[User:Elathas|Elathas]] 21:53, 10 October 2007 (EDT)

==Compass Directions==
They don't exist in Ylkium, so there should be nowords. All references o them (Except for East which is a name) are ooc.

:No. Actually there is a quest for Raithen where Stevald says that the Dark Circle was noticed in WESTERN caves.--[[User:Grigori|Grigori]] 12:24, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Check the forums, that is a bug. --[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 12:42, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

==Time==
The days, months, and possibly equinoxes/solstices are not part of PS. I am not sure about days in the week, but you can figure out the months on this site.
--[[User:Bguy|Bguy]] 12:30, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Klyros Language/Vocabulary

2009-07-22T14:12:28Z

Bguy: /* U */

Klyros Language/Vocabulary

2009-07-18T21:45:37Z

Bguy: /* Q */

Klyros Language/Vocabulary

2009-07-18T21:41:03Z

Bguy: /* L */

Klyros Language

2009-07-18T21:33:19Z

Bguy:

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-lyr-live.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|The word ''Klyros'' written in Klyros ideograms}}
The '''Klyros language''' (known as ''Klyran'' when speaking about it in common, or as ''Kgel'' (language) when speaking about it in klyran) is very simple and logical in its structure and grammar, yet powerfully flexible and adaptive like the Klyros race itself when a need for new expressions arises.

It is based on an ideographic writing system, that originates in the artistic traits of its creators, and deals mostly with concrete concepts. Most of the few abstracts that are present in the language are also used with a special grammatical function. For example to express gender or tense.

There's only one sound in Klyros pronunciation that is not available in the Common alphabet. This sound - the shwa - like a short form of the vowel in the Common word "her", is transcribed by an apostrophe when writing Klyros in the Common writing. This sound vanishes completely when it lies adjacent to another one that is not identical to the preceding. ''K''' combined with ''lyr'' becomes thus ''klyr''

==Transcription and Pronunciation==

Klyran is an ideographic language, but for the purpose of transliteration and an attempted merge with common (which was unsuccessful, thereby obsolete) [this is what should be used when speaking Klyran IG], there is an alphabet using the common symbols for letters. All letters are used for the same sounds they describe in the Common language, with a few exceptions and peculiarities:

* '''c''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in ''chase''
* '''g''' is pronounced like the second ''g'' in ''garage''
* '''q''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''
* '''x''' is pronounced like the ''sh'' in ''shine''
* '''z''' is a lisping sound that is made by first pushing the tongue lightly against the back of the incisors while pronouncing an s and then gliding the tongue to the front between the teeth, linguistically a voiced inter-dental affricate
*''' ' ''' is and extra vowel. It is pronounced like the ''e'' in ''her''
* A double occurrence of a vowel signifies it is used in its long form (for example: ''aa'' is pronounced ''ay'' as in ''pay'' and ''uu'' is pronounced ''oo'' as in ''boot'')

Vowel length is always constant. Long vowels are transcribed as double vowels.

==Word classes==

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-sin-do.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ksinos''}}
===Ksinos (process words)===
The base of the Klyros language are '''Ksinos''', the process words that roughly correspond to the verbs in Common. Each ideogram refers to a process word. All other words are derived from Ksinos using pre-, suf-, or circumfixes.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ksinos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-on-exist.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''konos''}}
===Konos (substantial words)===
Substantial words named '''Konos''' refer to physical things, or seldom abstract concepts. They are almost identical to the nouns of Common. The formation of nouns happens through the prefix ''"K'"'', which standing alone means ''to form'', that is added to a Ksin and usually a suffix to clarify the meaning.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Konos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kzanos''}}

===Kzanos (descriptive words)===
'''Kzanos''' literally translates to the Common word ''colours''. It describes a word class of attributes and descriptive expressions that can be seen as a mixture between Common adjectives and adverbs. There are two main types of Kzanos: Descriptive ones and Possessive ones.

====Possesive Kzanos====
Possessive Kzanos are formed by replasing "k-" prefix with one of Kzanos forming ones like "xu-". They characterize object by its relation with other objects.

====Descriptive Kzanos====
Descriptive Kzanos define properties of the object. They are formed by prefix "zan-".

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-efa-think.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kefaos''}}

===Kefaos (logic words)===
The logic words or '''Kefaos''' (lit. ''thoughts'') are used to make logical connections between Klyros phrases. They can be compared to linking words, conjunctions of the Common. Most of them are formed using the ksin ''jo-'' (''to join'') as a word class prefix.

Accordingly, ''jojo'' for example is the Klyros counterpart of Common ''and'', and ''joja'' is the counterpart for ''or''. Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ktenos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-ten-switch.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ktenos''}}

===Ktenos (replacement words)===
'''Ktenos''' are the equivalent of Common pronouns though their usage is more difficult and subject to cultural peculiarities.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Usage of Ktenos|correct formation and usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-net-relate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knetos''}}
===Knetos (relation words)===
What Common refers to as a preposition is called '''Knetos''' in Klyros. These words are formed using the prefix ''net'' and used to describe mainly but not exclusively temporal and spatial relations.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Knetos morphology|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]][[Image:KL-Bix-Sound.jpg]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knubixos''}}

===Knubixos (silent words)===
Knubixos are ideograms that have no spoken counterpart. They are optional, usually placed at the end of the word. They signify special conditions of words (such as whether they are a name). Their use is uncommon, but not unheard of, in modern written Klyran

==Descriptor precedence==
Since Klyros is a highly agglutinative language, it is important to know what the correct precedence of the descriptors in word is:
#possible (dis)honoring prefix
#optional prefix-connecting ideogram
#word class descriptor
#the root of the word
#person descriptor
#gender descriptor
#numeral descriptor
#temporal descriptor
#voice descriptor
#mood descriptor
#other suffixes
#optional suffix-connecting ideogram
#possible (dis)honoring suffix

In compound words there can be of course descriptors to each of the composed ksinos.
Other prefixes/suffixes have equal precedence, so they may be placed in any order.

==Usage of Ksinos==
Ksinos, like verbs, have subdivisions that roughly correspond to the subdivisions in Common.
===Action===
Action Ksinos are simple. It is merely the word and any descriptors. Plurality, persons, and gender are all optional to add. When speaking in past tense, "far" is added to the word. When speaking in future tense "ga" is added to the word.

===Auxiliary===
Auxiliary Ksinos are all based off of the klyran word "a" which refers to one or equals. By itself "a" works for most singular auxiliary verbs in first, second, and third persons. When using it to describe the state of plural words, you add the suffix "os" to make it "aos" which again works in first, second and third persons. When speaking in past or future tense, you add "far" and "ga" respectively. Gender descriptors may be added, but they are unnecessary.
====Modal====
Modal verbs, like can, could, should, and ought, are like their auxiliary counterparts, but instead of them being based on the word "a" they are based on the word "kee". Like "a" it works for singular verbs in first, second and third persons. "Keeos" is the plural form, and gender and tense descriptors can be added as needed.

It must be noted that modal ksinos are result of influence of Common on Klyran evolution during last centuries. Ancient Klyran doesn't have modal ksinos treated specially.

===Passive Voice===
In Common, these would have auxiliary verbs placed before action verbs; however, in Klyran the auxiliary verb is removed from the phrase leaving only the action verb.

===Progressive Aspect and Perfect Aspect===
One of the major grammatical differences between Common and Klyran is Klyran doesn't have continious or perfect aspects at all. Continuous aspect is just removed. Perfect aspect is roughly equal to moving to past tense.

This makes translation to Klyran easier but to translate from Klyran to Common one should know the context.

===Questions===
When asking a question in Klyran, like in common, the first word in the sentence is usually a question word like who, what, when, etc. In klyran, the question word also works as the auxiliary verb following it (the "is" in "who is") making it a ksinos. It is, however, grammatically optional to include the auxiliary anyway. When it is not included, the question word must include a tense (past and present) and whether it is singular or plural. Question words may have a gender descriptor and a persons descriptor, but it is highly unusual.
====Auxiliary Questions====
In common, many interrogative sentences begin with and auxiliary word such as is, were, and are, rather than question words.. In klyran, when these sentences occur, the auxiliary verb at the beginning is removed and the prefix "kee" is added to the main Ksinos in the sentence. So when you ask "Will he go?" it will be translated to be "Yalim keefarga" rather than "Aga yalim farga".

==Morphology of Konos==
From each ksin there can be several konos formed. Every kon has "k-" prefix
that specifies the word you is kon. Then after "k-" there is the root ideogram
that defines what action kon is all about. And then sub-class suffix could be.
If it is then it is just after the root.

It is the suffix that makes konos derived from one ksin different. To
understand better the suffix sense, you should understand that in Klyran every
ksin has several aspects with specific suffix. Most common are:
#the one, who does the process ("-sin")
#the object, the process is done upon ("-san")
#the starting point (temporal) of the process ("-ris")
#the time when the process takes place ("-qe")
#the ending point (temporal) of the process ("-rad")
#the starting point (spacial location) of the process ("-wef")
#the place where the process takes place ("-qo")
#the ending point (spacial location) of the process ("-wer")
#the result of the process ("-bav")
#the tool that is used in the process ("-pac")
#the reason of the process ("-qi")
#the assistant in the process ("-po")
#the process itself (no suffix)
So to have kon that defines the target of the process just add "k-" prefix and
"-san" suffix to the root. So:
"gul" is "to hate";
"kgul" is "hating";
"kgulsin" is "the one who hates";
"kgulsan" is "the hated one";
"kjo" is "joining";
"kjobav" is "unity (created by the process of kjo)"

Of course, not each ksin has all possible konos, for example "kgulpac" is nonsense - no tool is used in hating.

==Usage of Konos==
Konos are a subjective part of Klyran. Do to them being just a Ksinos with k in the beginning, they can have a wide variety of meanings and uses. As a rule of thumb, choose the most specific ksinos to turn into konos. It is mostly a matter of being understood, so it is best to put them into context almost all the time.

===Specifiers===
Specifiers are optional prefixes and suffixes added to Konos to make them less subjective. Their use has increased post-portal, due to the influences of other languages. For example, the Klyran word ''sin'' can be used as a suffix to be the equivalent of the Common suffix ''er'' (the noun doing the action), such as the word "lyrsin", which is a noun form of "lively", someone who lives actively (this word is considered a compliment in most tribes), and the word ''san'' can be added to the end of a word as a counterpart to the Common ''ee'' (the noun on which the action is being done upon.). It is considered polite to use specifiers as much as possible when speaking to those whose Klyran isn't natural or perfected.

===Standard Phrases===
While konos is subjective, there are common phrases that are understood to mean certain things. For example ''kfar'' is known to mean goodbye, and ''kga'' is known to be hello. Unfortunately, common phrases are not universal, so different communities and different people can say different things for the same meanings. For example, ''Ze wo'' (I greet) and ''kwo'' (greetings) are other accepted variations of saying hello. There are no phrases considered "formal" though it is considered polite for visitors to adapt their phrases to the customs of the place they are visiting (which leads to the unofficial custom of visitors waiting to be greeted before greeting). "Informal" phrases are anything that can be interpreted as rude.

===Konos as Ktenos===
Konos, known grammatically for the ''k'' prefix, sometimes become burdensome to repeat. For this reason, Konos can grammatically become Ktenos by removing the k prefix. This is done usually when it is obvious that the word is an object/person/place/idea, rather than an action. For example, in the statement ''ze wo ksiblim'' (I greet Brother), the ''k'' in ''ksiblim'' can be removed making the phrase ''ze wo siblim.'' This practice is avoided in official documents, but is very common everywhere else.

==Kzanos morphology==

Like konos, kzanos have strict morphology that is hovewer flexible and powerful
when one learns how to use it.

Unlike konos, kzanos have several possible prefixes. Most common are "xu-" and
"zan-" for two different types of kzanos.

First type is easier to understand. It is called possessive form, but it not
always deals with possession or owning. It is made of kon be replasing "k-"
prefix with "xu-". The result is kzan that indicates connection of kon/ksin it
is used for with original kon.

For example "mef" is "to teach", "maad" is "to learn". "kmaadsin" is "student",
"kmefsin" is "teacher", "xumefsin" is "teacher's". So if we have "xumefsin
kmaadsin" then it is "teacher's student" or "student of teacher".

One more intresting thing is one can make kon out of such kzan by adding "k-"
prefix again. The result will be something like "the one, which relates to
original kon". Better to get with example. Once again, "kmefsin" is "teacher",
"xumefsin" is "teacher's", but "kxumefsin" is "teacher's one".

"zan-" is more common kzanos forming prefix. Just like in case of konos there
can be following suffix for subclass specification.
Possible suffixes
"-sin" is roughly equal to "-ing" ending in Common, that makes a participle out
of verb. For example "lim" is "to fly", "klesin" is "leader" so "zanlimsin
lesin" is "flying leader".
"-san" is roughly equaly to "ed" ending in Common. For example "nyar" is to
kill, "zannyarsan klesin" is "killed leader"

==Usage of Ktenos==
It is highly advisable to pay attention to the correct use of ktenos when communicating in Klyros. Wrongly used they can easily be a cause for offence.
===Personal===

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ze'' (''I'') and ''zeos'' (''we'')}}
====First person====
The most unproblematic of the ktenos is the one referring to oneself alone. The first person singular is ''ze'' (archaic also 'kze').

The first person plural is ''zeos''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]| ''zelim'', and ''zemil''}}
Note that the use of the honorific ''wo'' together with the first person is considered uppish, except for a ruler. (It would be appropriate where Common makes use of the "pluralis maiestatis", "''we, the octarch''")

It is polite for a Klyros to give the own gender when addressing a non-Klyros. (It is not alway easy for foreigners to discern the Klyros sexes from their appearance). In these cases 'I' translates to ''zelim'' for a male and ''zemil'' for a female.

====Second person====
{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''yi'' (''you'')}}
In contrast it is most important not to use a gender descriptor when addressing someone directly. That is done with ''yi'' only. The use of ''yilim'' or ''yimil'' between persons who are not familiar is more or less disrespectful depending on whether the grammatical gender matches the sex of the addressee.

In an intimate relation ''yilim'' and ''yimil'' place an non-ambiguous emphasis on the addressee's sex, while in combination with the honorific prefix ''wo-'' it is considered a term of endearment.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-wo-honour.png]][[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''woyi'' (respectful ''you'')}}
The use of ''woyilim'' or ''woyimil'' outside of an intimate relationship equals a proposal.

The standard form of addressing people unknown to oneself or in an especially respectful manner is ''woyi''.

The honorific can be used as a suffix to honour high-ranking individuals when addressing them: ''woyiwo'' corresponds to ''your highness''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]|''yalim'' (''he''), and ''yamil'' (''she'')}}
====Third person====
Talking about an individual it is obligatory to make use of a gender descriptor. Everything else would be considered very disrespectful. Thus Common ''he'' translates to ''yalim'' and ''she'' to ''yamil''. When talking about someone who is present it is considered polite to make use of the honorific, but not obligatory, if you are familiar with the subject. The neutral gender used for inanimate objects or asexual beings such as Kran is ''kya'' which means ''it'' or more literally ''object''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''yaos'' (''them'')}}
Talking about a group of people who are known to belong to one sex only, you usually use the gender descriptor aswell (''yalimos'', ''yamilos''). But do not so, if the sexes of all the subjects are not exactly known. For mixed groups only use ''yaos''. The use of the honorific is arbitrary in the plural, depending on the situation.

===Possessives===
*'''my''' & '''mine''': ''xuze'' & ''kxuze''
*'''your''' & '''yours''': ''xuyi'' & ''kxuyi''
*'''his''' & '''his''': ''xuyalim'' & ''kxuyalim''
*'''her''' & '''hers''': ''xuyamil'' & ''kxuyamil''
*'''its''' & '''its''': ''xuya'' & ''kxuya''
*'''our''' & '''ours''': ''xuzeos'' & ''kxuzeos''
*'''your''' & '''yours''' (pl): ''xuyios'' & ''kxuyios''
*'''their''' & '''theirs''': ''xuyaos'' & ''kxuyaos''

===Deixis===
*'''here & there''': ''rafnet'' & ''farnet''
*'''this & that''': ''kyaraf'' & ''kyafar''
*'''these & those''': ''kyarafos'' & ''kyafaros''

==Usage of Kefaos==
For the purpose of understanding Kefaos, there are two catagories of words based on their common counterparts. It should be noted, however, that these are unofficial catagories made only to help those who are learning Klyran as a second or third language.

===Conjunction Kefaos===
These Kefoas roughly correspond to conjunctions in common. They include ''and'' (jojo), ''if'' (je), ''or'' (joja), ''not and'' (ne), etc. While they mean the same as conjuctions, they don't have to link things together. Because this is confusing to Common speakers, that practice has dwindled.

===Logic Kefaos===
These Kefoas are used for logical purposes. They include yes, no, true, false, sometimes true, etc. While they aren't considered conjunctions in common, they can be used as conjunctions in Klyran.

===Placement===
Like conjunctions is Common, Kefoas are usually placed between the Konos to show they are connected. Unlike conjunctions, they may not be used to combine complete sentences together, and combining phrases is limited, but not unheard of. When used in listing, like conjunctions again, they may be placed between the last two things being listed instead of between everything.

When Kefaos are not being used as conjunctions, they can be placed as needed in sentences. They are often interrupt sentences in order to put emphasis on truthfulness, falsehood, or whatever the situation demands.

==Knetos morphology==
Generally knetos are formed by adding specific suffix to "net" prefix so technically knetos have no root. To understand what suffixes are suitable you should first understand aspects of ksinos. According to logic of Klyran every ksin has several aspects of it. Most common are (generally the same with suffixes used in [[#Morphology of Konos|konos formation]]):
#the one, who does the process ("-sin")
#the target of the process ("-san")
#the starting point (temporal) of the process ("-ris")
#the time when the process takes place ("-qe")
#the ending point (temporal) of the process ("-rad")
#the starting point (spacial location) of the process ("-wef")
#the place where the process takes place ("-qo")
#the ending point (spacial location) of the process ("-wer")
#the tool that is used in the process ("-pac")
#the reason of the process ("-qi")
#the assistant in the process ("-po")
So "netpo" is "with help of" (somebody), "netpac" is "using" (some tool).

==Numbers==
The concept of the Klyros numbering system might strike foreigners somewhat odd as the cardinal numbers are regarded a process and accordingly are expressed through Ksin. The digits are pronounced as vowels of different pitch and length.

===Cardinal numerals===
The base of the Klyros numbering is a decimal system almost identical to the Common one. The difference is that the symbol for zero is not used to form number values higher than nine. Instead there is a special symbol meaning "ten" that is not used separately. It is appears where you would expect a zero in a number of Common. The digits are formed by the following ideograms:

{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading || || Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''1'''</big> || [[Image:KL-a-equal.png]] || a
|              
| <big>'''6'''</big> || [[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]] || aa
|-
| <big>'''2'''</big> || [[Image:KL-i-double.png]] || i
|              
| <big>'''7'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]] || ii
|-
| <big>'''3'''</big> || [[Image:KL-u-triple.png]] || u
|              
| <big>'''8'''</big> || [[Image:KL-uu-octuple.png]] || uu
|-
| <big>'''4'''</big> || [[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]] || e
|              
| <big>'''9'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ee-nonuple.png]] || ee
|-
| <big>'''5'''</big> || [[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]] || o
|              
| <big>'''(10)'''</big> || [[Image:KL-oo-decuple.png]] || oo
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-u-triple.png]][[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]][[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]][[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]][[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]]|''uiioaae'', 37564}}
Thus the word ''uiioaae'' is the pronunciation of the number 37564. If the numbers pronounced as the same vowels are adjacent there is a short shwa or pause inserted to discern them from one another. So ''uiioaa'a'' means 37561.

The number zero is written as ''nu'' which means ''to negate'' (or as substantial form ''knu'' i.e. ''nothing'')
{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''0'''</big> || [[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]] || nu
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]]|''zanai'', twelfth}}

===Ordinal numerals===
Ordinal numbers belong into the word class of ''Kzanos''.

For example while ''ai'' means ''twelve'' ''zanai'' refers to the ''twelfth'' of a row.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]]|''zanayai'', the twelfth part}}

===Fractions===
Fractions are written using ''ya'' a ksin meaning ''to divide'', that is often shortened to ''y''' when used for this purpose. Depending on their usage the fraction can be a ksin or a kzan.

Fractions with a low denominator are commonly used to form other word classes as well. ''The half'' for example is ''kayi'' in Klyros while ''ayik'' would mean ''half'' in the sense of a Common adjective.

===Negative===
Numbers can be turned negative by adding ''nu'' to the beginning. When the number is pronounced, however, the ''u'' in ''nu'' is dropped, so -37564 is pronounced ''nuiioaae''.

==Typography==
There is no punctuation in Klyros. Sentences are simply separated by a full space, meaning a blank that is equal the size of a ideogram. Words within a sentence are mostly separated by a half-space, half the width of an ideogram. Sometimes, especially often found in ancient poetry, there is no word spacing, to the effect of making the poem more aesthetic to the onlooker but also a lot harder to read and interpret.

==Names==
Some Klyros names are made up of multiple words, or distortions of words, put together to have a hidden meaning. For example, Haiim literally means "to wait, to have opportunity," but if you look at those words together, then you can see hidden meanings like "he who waits for opportunities," which could be taken to mean many other things. Other names don't have meanings, and just sound nice.

However, with centuries many Klyros communities abandoned Klyran, so many modern Klyros names even do not have spelling in Klyran

''[Editor's note: If you are a Klyros and would like for your name to mean something, then click on the below link and add words to mean things. Remember, though, that Klyran words are usually only one, sometimes two, syllables long. If certain syllables are already taken, don't change them, just use them to your advantage. If you can't think of anything that uses those syllables, remember hidden meanings.]''

==See also==
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary]]
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary/Transliteration]]

[[Category:Klyros Language]]

Klyros Language/Vocabulary

2009-07-18T21:32:04Z

Bguy: /* G */

Klyros Language

2009-07-18T21:25:45Z

Bguy: /* Cardinal numerals zan prefix instead of k suffix*/

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-lyr-live.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|The word ''Klyros'' written in Klyros ideograms}}
The '''Klyros language''' (known as ''Klyran'' when speaking about it in common) is very simple and logical in its structure and grammar, yet powerfully flexible and adaptive like the Klyros race itself when a need for new expressions arises.

It is based on an ideographic writing system, that originates in the artistic traits of its creators, and deals mostly with concrete concepts. Most of the few abstracts that are present in the language are also used with a special grammatical function. For example to express gender or tense.

There's only one sound in Klyros pronunciation that is not available in the Common alphabet. This sound - the shwa - like a short form of the vowel in the Common word "her", is transcribed by an apostrophe when writing Klyros in the Common writing. This sound vanishes completely when it lies adjacent to another one that is not identical to the preceding. ''K''' combined with ''lyr'' becomes thus ''klyr''

==Transcription and Pronunciation==

Klyran is an ideographic language, but for the purpose of transliteration and an attempted merge with common (which was unsuccessful, thereby obsolete) [this is what should be used when speaking Klyran IG], there is an alphabet using the common symbols for letters. All letters are used for the same sounds they describe in the Common language, with a few exceptions and peculiarities:

* '''c''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in ''chase''
* '''g''' is pronounced like the second ''g'' in ''garage''
* '''q''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''
* '''x''' is pronounced like the ''sh'' in ''shine''
* '''z''' is a lisping sound that is made by first pushing the tongue lightly against the back of the incisors while pronouncing an s and then gliding the tongue to the front between the teeth, linguistically a voiced inter-dental affricate
*''' ' ''' is and extra vowel. It is pronounced like the ''e'' in ''her''
* A double occurrence of a vowel signifies it is used in its long form (for example: ''aa'' is pronounced ''ay'' as in ''pay'' and ''uu'' is pronounced ''oo'' as in ''boot'')

Vowel length is always constant. Long vowels are transcribed as double vowels.

==Word classes==

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-sin-do.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ksinos''}}
===Ksinos (process words)===
The base of the Klyros language are '''Ksinos''', the process words that roughly correspond to the verbs in Common. Each ideogram refers to a process word. All other words are derived from Ksinos using pre-, suf-, or circumfixes.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ksinos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-on-exist.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''konos''}}
===Konos (substantial words)===
Substantial words named '''Konos''' refer to physical things, or seldom abstract concepts. They are almost identical to the nouns of Common. The formation of nouns happens through the prefix ''"K'"'', which standing alone means ''to form'', that is added to a Ksin and usually a suffix to clarify the meaning.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Konos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kzanos''}}

===Kzanos (descriptive words)===
'''Kzanos''' literally translates to the Common word ''colours''. It describes a word class of attributes and descriptive expressions that can be seen as a mixture between Common adjectives and adverbs. There are two main types of Kzanos: Descriptive ones and Possessive ones.

====Possesive Kzanos====
Possessive Kzanos are formed by replasing "k-" prefix with one of Kzanos forming ones like "xu-". They characterize object by its relation with other objects.

====Descriptive Kzanos====
Descriptive Kzanos define properties of the object. They are formed by prefix "zan-".

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-efa-think.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kefaos''}}

===Kefaos (logic words)===
The logic words or '''Kefaos''' (lit. ''thoughts'') are used to make logical connections between Klyros phrases. They can be compared to linking words, conjunctions of the Common. Most of them are formed using the ksin ''jo-'' (''to join'') as a word class prefix.

Accordingly, ''jojo'' for example is the Klyros counterpart of Common ''and'', and ''joja'' is the counterpart for ''or''. Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ktenos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-ten-switch.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ktenos''}}

===Ktenos (replacement words)===
'''Ktenos''' are the equivalent of Common pronouns though their usage is more difficult and subject to cultural peculiarities.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Usage of Ktenos|correct formation and usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-net-relate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knetos''}}
===Knetos (relation words)===
What Common refers to as a preposition is called '''Knetos''' in Klyros. These words are formed using the prefix ''net'' and used to describe mainly but not exclusively temporal and spatial relations.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Knetos morphology|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]][[Image:KL-Bix-Sound.jpg]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knubixos''}}

===Knubixos (silent words)===
Knubixos are ideograms that have no spoken counterpart. They are optional, usually placed at the end of the word. They signify special conditions of words (such as whether they are a name). Their use is uncommon, but not unheard of, in modern written Klyran

==Descriptor precedence==
Since Klyros is a highly agglutinative language, it is important to know what the correct precedence of the descriptors in word is:
#possible (dis)honoring prefix
#optional prefix-connecting ideogram
#word class descriptor
#the root of the word
#person descriptor
#gender descriptor
#numeral descriptor
#temporal descriptor
#voice descriptor
#mood descriptor
#other suffixes
#optional suffix-connecting ideogram
#possible (dis)honoring suffix

In compound words there can be of course descriptors to each of the composed ksinos.
Other prefixes/suffixes have equal precedence, so they may be placed in any order.

==Usage of Ksinos==
Ksinos, like verbs, have subdivisions that roughly correspond to the subdivisions in Common.
===Action===
Action Ksinos are simple. It is merely the word and any descriptors. Plurality, persons, and gender are all optional to add. When speaking in past tense, "far" is added to the word. When speaking in future tense "ga" is added to the word.

===Auxiliary===
Auxiliary Ksinos are all based off of the klyran word "a" which refers to one or equals. By itself "a" works for most singular auxiliary verbs in first, second, and third persons. When using it to describe the state of plural words, you add the suffix "os" to make it "aos" which again works in first, second and third persons. When speaking in past or future tense, you add "far" and "ga" respectively. Gender descriptors may be added, but they are unnecessary.
====Modal====
Modal verbs, like can, could, should, and ought, are like their auxiliary counterparts, but instead of them being based on the word "a" they are based on the word "kee". Like "a" it works for singular verbs in first, second and third persons. "Keeos" is the plural form, and gender and tense descriptors can be added as needed.

It must be noted that modal ksinos are result of influence of Common on Klyran evolution during last centuries. Ancient Klyran doesn't have modal ksinos treated specially.

===Passive Voice===
In Common, these would have auxiliary verbs placed before action verbs; however, in Klyran the auxiliary verb is removed from the phrase leaving only the action verb.

===Progressive Aspect and Perfect Aspect===
One of the major grammatical differences between Common and Klyran is Klyran doesn't have continious or perfect aspects at all. Continuous aspect is just removed. Perfect aspect is roughly equal to moving to past tense.

This makes translation to Klyran easier but to translate from Klyran to Common one should know the context.

===Questions===
When asking a question in Klyran, like in common, the first word in the sentence is usually a question word like who, what, when, etc. In klyran, the question word also works as the auxiliary verb following it (the "is" in "who is") making it a ksinos. It is, however, grammatically optional to include the auxiliary anyway. When it is not included, the question word must include a tense (past and present) and whether it is singular or plural. Question words may have a gender descriptor and a persons descriptor, but it is highly unusual.
====Auxiliary Questions====
In common, many interrogative sentences begin with and auxiliary word such as is, were, and are, rather than question words.. In klyran, when these sentences occur, the auxiliary verb at the beginning is removed and the prefix "kee" is added to the main Ksinos in the sentence. So when you ask "Will he go?" it will be translated to be "Yalim keefarga" rather than "Aga yalim farga".

==Morphology of Konos==
From each ksin there can be several konos formed. Every kon has "k-" prefix
that specifies the word you is kon. Then after "k-" there is the root ideogram
that defines what action kon is all about. And then sub-class suffix could be.
If it is then it is just after the root.

It is the suffix that makes konos derived from one ksin different. To
understand better the suffix sense, you should understand that in Klyran every
ksin has several aspects with specific suffix. Most common are:
#the one, who does the process ("-sin")
#the object, the process is done upon ("-san")
#the starting point (temporal) of the process ("-ris")
#the time when the process takes place ("-qe")
#the ending point (temporal) of the process ("-rad")
#the starting point (spacial location) of the process ("-wef")
#the place where the process takes place ("-qo")
#the ending point (spacial location) of the process ("-wer")
#the result of the process ("-bav")
#the tool that is used in the process ("-pac")
#the reason of the process ("-qi")
#the assistant in the process ("-po")
#the process itself (no suffix)
So to have kon that defines the target of the process just add "k-" prefix and
"-san" suffix to the root. So:
"gul" is "to hate";
"kgul" is "hating";
"kgulsin" is "the one who hates";
"kgulsan" is "the hated one";
"kjo" is "joining";
"kjobav" is "unity (created by the process of kjo)"

Of course, not each ksin has all possible konos, for example "kgulpac" is nonsense - no tool is used in hating.

==Usage of Konos==
Konos are a subjective part of Klyran. Do to them being just a Ksinos with k in the beginning, they can have a wide variety of meanings and uses. As a rule of thumb, choose the most specific ksinos to turn into konos. It is mostly a matter of being understood, so it is best to put them into context almost all the time.

===Specifiers===
Specifiers are optional prefixes and suffixes added to Konos to make them less subjective. Their use has increased post-portal, due to the influences of other languages. For example, the Klyran word ''sin'' can be used as a suffix to be the equivalent of the Common suffix ''er'' (the noun doing the action), such as the word "lyrsin", which is a noun form of "lively", someone who lives actively (this word is considered a compliment in most tribes), and the word ''san'' can be added to the end of a word as a counterpart to the Common ''ee'' (the noun on which the action is being done upon.). It is considered polite to use specifiers as much as possible when speaking to those whose Klyran isn't natural or perfected.

===Standard Phrases===
While konos is subjective, there are common phrases that are understood to mean certain things. For example ''kfar'' is known to mean goodbye, and ''kga'' is known to be hello. Unfortunately, common phrases are not universal, so different communities and different people can say different things for the same meanings. For example, ''Ze wo'' (I greet) and ''kwo'' (greetings) are other accepted variations of saying hello. There are no phrases considered "formal" though it is considered polite for visitors to adapt their phrases to the customs of the place they are visiting (which leads to the unofficial custom of visitors waiting to be greeted before greeting). "Informal" phrases are anything that can be interpreted as rude.

===Konos as Ktenos===
Konos, known grammatically for the ''k'' prefix, sometimes become burdensome to repeat. For this reason, Konos can grammatically become Ktenos by removing the k prefix. This is done usually when it is obvious that the word is an object/person/place/idea, rather than an action. For example, in the statement ''ze wo ksiblim'' (I greet Brother), the ''k'' in ''ksiblim'' can be removed making the phrase ''ze wo siblim.'' This practice is avoided in official documents, but is very common everywhere else.

==Kzanos morphology==

Like konos, kzanos have strict morphology that is hovewer flexible and powerful
when one learns how to use it.

Unlike konos, kzanos have several possible prefixes. Most common are "xu-" and
"zan-" for two different types of kzanos.

First type is easier to understand. It is called possessive form, but it not
always deals with possession or owning. It is made of kon be replasing "k-"
prefix with "xu-". The result is kzan that indicates connection of kon/ksin it
is used for with original kon.

For example "mef" is "to teach", "maad" is "to learn". "kmaadsin" is "student",
"kmefsin" is "teacher", "xumefsin" is "teacher's". So if we have "xumefsin
kmaadsin" then it is "teacher's student" or "student of teacher".

One more intresting thing is one can make kon out of such kzan by adding "k-"
prefix again. The result will be something like "the one, which relates to
original kon". Better to get with example. Once again, "kmefsin" is "teacher",
"xumefsin" is "teacher's", but "kxumefsin" is "teacher's one".

"zan-" is more common kzanos forming prefix. Just like in case of konos there
can be following suffix for subclass specification.
Possible suffixes
"-sin" is roughly equal to "-ing" ending in Common, that makes a participle out
of verb. For example "lim" is "to fly", "klesin" is "leader" so "zanlimsin
lesin" is "flying leader".
"-san" is roughly equaly to "ed" ending in Common. For example "nyar" is to
kill, "zannyarsan klesin" is "killed leader"

==Usage of Ktenos==
It is highly advisable to pay attention to the correct use of ktenos when communicating in Klyros. Wrongly used they can easily be a cause for offence.
===Personal===

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ze'' (''I'') and ''zeos'' (''we'')}}
====First person====
The most unproblematic of the ktenos is the one referring to oneself alone. The first person singular is ''ze'' (archaic also 'kze').

The first person plural is ''zeos''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]| ''zelim'', and ''zemil''}}
Note that the use of the honorific ''wo'' together with the first person is considered uppish, except for a ruler. (It would be appropriate where Common makes use of the "pluralis maiestatis", "''we, the octarch''")

It is polite for a Klyros to give the own gender when addressing a non-Klyros. (It is not alway easy for foreigners to discern the Klyros sexes from their appearance). In these cases 'I' translates to ''zelim'' for a male and ''zemil'' for a female.

====Second person====
{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''yi'' (''you'')}}
In contrast it is most important not to use a gender descriptor when addressing someone directly. That is done with ''yi'' only. The use of ''yilim'' or ''yimil'' between persons who are not familiar is more or less disrespectful depending on whether the grammatical gender matches the sex of the addressee.

In an intimate relation ''yilim'' and ''yimil'' place an non-ambiguous emphasis on the addressee's sex, while in combination with the honorific prefix ''wo-'' it is considered a term of endearment.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-wo-honour.png]][[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''woyi'' (respectful ''you'')}}
The use of ''woyilim'' or ''woyimil'' outside of an intimate relationship equals a proposal.

The standard form of addressing people unknown to oneself or in an especially respectful manner is ''woyi''.

The honorific can be used as a suffix to honour high-ranking individuals when addressing them: ''woyiwo'' corresponds to ''your highness''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]|''yalim'' (''he''), and ''yamil'' (''she'')}}
====Third person====
Talking about an individual it is obligatory to make use of a gender descriptor. Everything else would be considered very disrespectful. Thus Common ''he'' translates to ''yalim'' and ''she'' to ''yamil''. When talking about someone who is present it is considered polite to make use of the honorific, but not obligatory, if you are familiar with the subject. The neutral gender used for inanimate objects or asexual beings such as Kran is ''kya'' which means ''it'' or more literally ''object''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''yaos'' (''them'')}}
Talking about a group of people who are known to belong to one sex only, you usually use the gender descriptor aswell (''yalimos'', ''yamilos''). But do not so, if the sexes of all the subjects are not exactly known. For mixed groups only use ''yaos''. The use of the honorific is arbitrary in the plural, depending on the situation.

===Possessives===
*'''my''' & '''mine''': ''xuze'' & ''kxuze''
*'''your''' & '''yours''': ''xuyi'' & ''kxuyi''
*'''his''' & '''his''': ''xuyalim'' & ''kxuyalim''
*'''her''' & '''hers''': ''xuyamil'' & ''kxuyamil''
*'''its''' & '''its''': ''xuya'' & ''kxuya''
*'''our''' & '''ours''': ''xuzeos'' & ''kxuzeos''
*'''your''' & '''yours''' (pl): ''xuyios'' & ''kxuyios''
*'''their''' & '''theirs''': ''xuyaos'' & ''kxuyaos''

===Deixis===
*'''here & there''': ''rafnet'' & ''farnet''
*'''this & that''': ''kyaraf'' & ''kyafar''
*'''these & those''': ''kyarafos'' & ''kyafaros''

==Usage of Kefaos==
For the purpose of understanding Kefaos, there are two catagories of words based on their common counterparts. It should be noted, however, that these are unofficial catagories made only to help those who are learning Klyran as a second or third language.

===Conjunction Kefaos===
These Kefoas roughly correspond to conjunctions in common. They include ''and'' (jojo), ''if'' (je), ''or'' (joja), ''not and'' (ne), etc. While they mean the same as conjuctions, they don't have to link things together. Because this is confusing to Common speakers, that practice has dwindled.

===Logic Kefaos===
These Kefoas are used for logical purposes. They include yes, no, true, false, sometimes true, etc. While they aren't considered conjunctions in common, they can be used as conjunctions in Klyran.

===Placement===
Like conjunctions is Common, Kefoas are usually placed between the Konos to show they are connected. Unlike conjunctions, they may not be used to combine complete sentences together, and combining phrases is limited, but not unheard of. When used in listing, like conjunctions again, they may be placed between the last two things being listed instead of between everything.

When Kefaos are not being used as conjunctions, they can be placed as needed in sentences. They are often interrupt sentences in order to put emphasis on truthfulness, falsehood, or whatever the situation demands.

==Knetos morphology==
Generally knetos are formed by adding specific suffix to "net" prefix so technically knetos have no root. To understand what suffixes are suitable you should first understand aspects of ksinos. According to logic of Klyran every ksin has several aspects of it. Most common are (generally the same with suffixes used in [[#Morphology of Konos|konos formation]]):
#the one, who does the process ("-sin")
#the target of the process ("-san")
#the starting point (temporal) of the process ("-ris")
#the time when the process takes place ("-qe")
#the ending point (temporal) of the process ("-rad")
#the starting point (spacial location) of the process ("-wef")
#the place where the process takes place ("-qo")
#the ending point (spacial location) of the process ("-wer")
#the tool that is used in the process ("-pac")
#the reason of the process ("-qi")
#the assistant in the process ("-po")
So "netpo" is "with help of" (somebody), "netpac" is "using" (some tool).

==Numbers==
The concept of the Klyros numbering system might strike foreigners somewhat odd as the cardinal numbers are regarded a process and accordingly are expressed through Ksin. The digits are pronounced as vowels of different pitch and length.

===Cardinal numerals===
The base of the Klyros numbering is a decimal system almost identical to the Common one. The difference is that the symbol for zero is not used to form number values higher than nine. Instead there is a special symbol meaning "ten" that is not used separately. It is appears where you would expect a zero in a number of Common. The digits are formed by the following ideograms:

{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading || || Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''1'''</big> || [[Image:KL-a-equal.png]] || a
|              
| <big>'''6'''</big> || [[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]] || aa
|-
| <big>'''2'''</big> || [[Image:KL-i-double.png]] || i
|              
| <big>'''7'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]] || ii
|-
| <big>'''3'''</big> || [[Image:KL-u-triple.png]] || u
|              
| <big>'''8'''</big> || [[Image:KL-uu-octuple.png]] || uu
|-
| <big>'''4'''</big> || [[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]] || e
|              
| <big>'''9'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ee-nonuple.png]] || ee
|-
| <big>'''5'''</big> || [[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]] || o
|              
| <big>'''(10)'''</big> || [[Image:KL-oo-decuple.png]] || oo
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-u-triple.png]][[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]][[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]][[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]][[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]]|''uiioaae'', 37564}}
Thus the word ''uiioaae'' is the pronunciation of the number 37564. If the numbers pronounced as the same vowels are adjacent there is a short shwa or pause inserted to discern them from one another. So ''uiioaa'a'' means 37561.

The number zero is written as ''nu'' which means ''to negate'' (or as substantial form ''knu'' i.e. ''nothing'')
{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''0'''</big> || [[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]] || nu
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]]|''zanai'', twelfth}}

===Ordinal numerals===
Ordinal numbers belong into the word class of ''Kzanos''.

For example while ''ai'' means ''twelve'' ''zanai'' refers to the ''twelfth'' of a row.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]]|''zanayai'', the twelfth part}}

===Fractions===
Fractions are written using ''ya'' a ksin meaning ''to divide'', that is often shortened to ''y''' when used for this purpose. Depending on their usage the fraction can be a ksin or a kzan.

Fractions with a low denominator are commonly used to form other word classes as well. ''The half'' for example is ''kayi'' in Klyros while ''ayik'' would mean ''half'' in the sense of a Common adjective.

===Negative===
Numbers can be turned negative by adding ''nu'' to the beginning. When the number is pronounced, however, the ''u'' in ''nu'' is dropped, so -37564 is pronounced ''nuiioaae''.

==Typography==
There is no punctuation in Klyros. Sentences are simply separated by a full space, meaning a blank that is equal the size of a ideogram. Words within a sentence are mostly separated by a half-space, half the width of an ideogram. Sometimes, especially often found in ancient poetry, there is no word spacing, to the effect of making the poem more aesthetic to the onlooker but also a lot harder to read and interpret.

==Names==
Some Klyros names are made up of multiple words, or distortions of words, put together to have a hidden meaning. For example, Haiim literally means "to wait, to have opportunity," but if you look at those words together, then you can see hidden meanings like "he who waits for opportunities," which could be taken to mean many other things. Other names don't have meanings, and just sound nice.

However, with centuries many Klyros communities abandoned Klyran, so many modern Klyros names even do not have spelling in Klyran

''[Editor's note: If you are a Klyros and would like for your name to mean something, then click on the below link and add words to mean things. Remember, though, that Klyran words are usually only one, sometimes two, syllables long. If certain syllables are already taken, don't change them, just use them to your advantage. If you can't think of anything that uses those syllables, remember hidden meanings.]''

==See also==
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary]]
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary/Transliteration]]

[[Category:Klyros Language]]

Klyros Language

2009-07-18T21:24:05Z

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-lyr-live.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|The word ''Klyros'' written in Klyros ideograms}}
The '''Klyros language''' (known as ''Klyran'' when speaking about it in common) is very simple and logical in its structure and grammar, yet powerfully flexible and adaptive like the Klyros race itself when a need for new expressions arises.

It is based on an ideographic writing system, that originates in the artistic traits of its creators, and deals mostly with concrete concepts. Most of the few abstracts that are present in the language are also used with a special grammatical function. For example to express gender or tense.

There's only one sound in Klyros pronunciation that is not available in the Common alphabet. This sound - the shwa - like a short form of the vowel in the Common word "her", is transcribed by an apostrophe when writing Klyros in the Common writing. This sound vanishes completely when it lies adjacent to another one that is not identical to the preceding. ''K''' combined with ''lyr'' becomes thus ''klyr''

==Transcription and Pronunciation==

Klyran is an ideographic language, but for the purpose of transliteration and an attempted merge with common (which was unsuccessful, thereby obsolete) [this is what should be used when speaking Klyran IG], there is an alphabet using the common symbols for letters. All letters are used for the same sounds they describe in the Common language, with a few exceptions and peculiarities:

* '''c''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in ''chase''
* '''g''' is pronounced like the second ''g'' in ''garage''
* '''q''' is pronounced like the ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch''
* '''x''' is pronounced like the ''sh'' in ''shine''
* '''z''' is a lisping sound that is made by first pushing the tongue lightly against the back of the incisors while pronouncing an s and then gliding the tongue to the front between the teeth, linguistically a voiced inter-dental affricate
*''' ' ''' is and extra vowel. It is pronounced like the ''e'' in ''her''
* A double occurrence of a vowel signifies it is used in its long form (for example: ''aa'' is pronounced ''ay'' as in ''pay'' and ''uu'' is pronounced ''oo'' as in ''boot'')

Vowel length is always constant. Long vowels are transcribed as double vowels.

==Word classes==

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-sin-do.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ksinos''}}
===Ksinos (process words)===
The base of the Klyros language are '''Ksinos''', the process words that roughly correspond to the verbs in Common. Each ideogram refers to a process word. All other words are derived from Ksinos using pre-, suf-, or circumfixes.

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ksinos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-on-exist.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''konos''}}
===Konos (substantial words)===
Substantial words named '''Konos''' refer to physical things, or seldom abstract concepts. They are almost identical to the nouns of Common. The formation of nouns happens through the prefix ''"K'"'', which standing alone means ''to form'', that is added to a Ksin.

It must be noted that there are number of suffixes that are used during konos formation to specify the sense. For example "gul" is "to hate"; "kgul" is "hatred" but if added with "-san" or "-sin" it becomes "kgulsan" - "hated one" or "kgulsin" - "one who hates".

Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Konos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-zan-paint.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kzanos''}}

===Kzanos (descriptive words)===
'''Kzanos''' literally translates to the Common word ''colours''. It describes a word class of attributes and descriptive expressions that can be seen as a mixture between Common adjectives and adverbs. They are formed by replasing "k-" prefix with one of Kzanos forming ones like "xu-".

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-efa-think.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''kefaos''}}

===Kefaos (logic words)===
The logic words or '''Kefaos''' (lit. ''thoughts'') are used to make logical connections between Klyros phrases. They can be compared to linking words, conjunctions of the Common. Most of them are formed using the ksin ''jo-'' (''to join'') as a word class prefix.

Accordingly, ''jojo'' for example is the Klyros counterpart of Common ''and'', and ''joja'' is the counterpart for ''or''. Please refer to the section on [[#Usage of Ktenos|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-ten-switch.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ktenos''}}

===Ktenos (replacement words)===
'''Ktenos''' are the equivalent of Common pronouns though their usage is more difficult and subject to cultural peculiarities.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Usage of Ktenos|correct formation and usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-net-relate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knetos''}}
===Knetos (relation words)===
What Common refers to as a preposition is called '''Knetos''' in Klyros. These words are formed using the prefix ''net'' and used to describe mainly but not exclusively temporal and spatial relations.

Please refer to the section on the [[#Knetos morphology|usage]] for details.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-k'-form.png]][[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]][[Image:KL-Bix-Sound.jpg]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''knubixos''}}

===Knubixos (silent words)===
Knubixos are ideograms that have no spoken counterpart. They are optional, usually placed at the end of the word. They signify special conditions of words (such as whether they are a name). Their use is uncommon, but not unheard of, in modern written Klyran

==Descriptor precedence==
Since Klyros is a highly agglutinative language, it is important to know what the correct precedence of the descriptors after a ksin is:
#word class descriptor
#honoring descriptor
#person descriptor
#gender descriptor
#numeral descriptor
#temporal descriptor
#voice descriptor
#mood descriptor
#other prefixes/suffixes

In compound words there can be of course descriptors to each of the composed ksinos.
Other prefixes/suffixes have equal precedence, so they may be placed in any order.

==Usage of Ksinos==
Ksinos, like verbs, have subdivisions that roughly correspond to the subdivisions in Common.
===Action===
Action Ksinos are simple. It is merely the word and any descriptors. Plurality, persons, and gender are all optional to add. When speaking in past tense, "far" is added to the word. When speaking in future tense "ga" is added to the word.

===Auxiliary===
Auxiliary Ksinos are all based off of the klyran word "a" which refers to one or equals. By itself "a" works for most singular auxiliary verbs in first, second, and third persons. When using it to describe the state of plural words, you add the suffix "os" to make it "aos" which again works in first, second and third persons. When speaking in past or future tense, you add "far" and "ga" respectively. Gender descriptors may be added, but they are unnecessary.
====Modal====
Modal verbs, like can, could, should, and ought, are like their auxiliary counterparts, but instead of them being based on the word "a" they are based on the word "kee". Like "a" it works for singular verbs in first, second and third persons. "Keeos" is the plural form, and gender and tense descriptors can be added as needed.

It must be noted that modal ksinos are result of influence of Common on Klyran evolution during last centuries. Ancient Klyran doesn't have modal ksinos treated specially.

===Passive Voice===
In Common, these would have auxiliary verbs placed before action verbs; however, in Klyran the auxiliary verb is removed from the phrase leaving only the action verb.

===Progressive Aspect and Perfect Aspect===
One of the major grammatical differences between Common and Klyran is Klyran doesn't have continious or perfect aspects at all. Continuous aspect is just removed. Perfect aspect is roughly equal to moving to past tense.

This makes translation to Klyran easier but to translate from Klyran to Common one should know the context.

===Questions===
When asking a question in Klyran, like in common, the first word in the sentence is usually a question word like who, what, when, etc. In klyran, the question word also works as the auxiliary verb following it (the "is" in "who is") making it a ksinos. It is, however, grammatically optional to include the auxiliary anyway. When it is not included, the question word must include a tense (past and present) and whether it is singular or plural. Question words may have a gender descriptor and a persons descriptor, but it is highly unusual.
====Auxiliary Questions====
In common, many interrogative sentences begin with and auxiliary word such as is, were, and are, rather than question words.. In klyran, when these sentences occur, the auxiliary verb at the beginning is removed and the prefix "kee" is added to the main Ksinos in the sentence. So when you ask "Will he go?" it will be translated to be "Yalim keefarga" rather than "Aga yalim farga".

==Morphology of Konos==
From each ksin there can be several konos formed. Every kon has "k-" prefix
that specifies the word you is kon. Then after "k-" there is the root ideogram
that defines what action kon is all about. And then sub-class suffix could be.
If it is then it is just after the root.

It is the suffix that makes konos derived from one ksin different. To
understand better the suffix sense, you should understand that in Klyran every
ksin has several aspects with specific suffix. Most common are:
#the one, who does the process ("-sin")
#the target of the process ("-san")
#the time where the process takes place ("-qe")
#the place where the process takes place ("-qo")
#the result of the process ("-bav")
#the tool that is used in the process ("-pac")
#the reason of the process ("-qi")
#the assistant in the process ("-po")
#the process itself (no suffix)
So to have kon that defines the target of the process just add "k-" prefix and
"-san" suffix to the root. So:
"gul" is "to hate";
"kgul" is "hating";
"kgulsin" is "the one who hates";
"kgulsan" is "the hated one";
"kjo" is "joining";
"kjobav" is "unity (created by the process of kjo)"

Of course, not each ksin has all possible konos, for example "kgulpac" is nonsense - no tool is used in hating.

==Usage of Konos==
Konos are a subjective part of Klyran. Do to them being just a Ksinos with k in the beginning, they can have a wide variety of meanings and uses. As a rule of thumb, choose the most specific ksinos to turn into konos. It is mostly a matter of being understood, so it is best to put them into context almost all the time.

===Specifiers===
Specifiers are optional prefixes and suffixes added to Konos to make them less subjective. Their use has increased post-portal, due to the influences of other languages. For example, the Klyran word ''sin'' can be used as a suffix to be the equivalent of the Common suffix ''er'' (the noun doing the action), such as the word "lyrsin", which is a noun form of "lively", someone who lives actively (this word is considered a compliment in most tribes), and the word ''san'' can be added to the end of a word as a counterpart to the Common ''ee'' (the noun on which the action is being done upon.). It is considered polite to use specifiers as much as possible when speaking to those whose Klyran isn't natural or perfected.

===Standard Phrases===
While konos is subjective, there are common phrases that are understood to mean certain things. For example ''kfar'' is known to mean goodbye, and ''kga'' is known to be hello. Unfortunately, common phrases are not universal, so different communities and different people can say different things for the same meanings. For example, ''Ze wo'' (I greet) and ''kwo'' (greetings) are other accepted variations of saying hello. There are no phrases considered "formal" though it is considered polite for visitors to adapt their phrases to the customs of the place they are visiting (which leads to the unofficial custom of visitors waiting to be greeted before greeting). "Informal" phrases are anything that can be interpreted as rude.

===Konos as Ktenos===
Konos, known grammatically for the ''k'' prefix, sometimes become burdensome to repeat. For this reason, Konos can grammatically become Ktenos by removing the k prefix. This is done usually when it is obvious that the word is an object/person/place/idea, rather than an action. For example, in the statement ''ze wo ksiblim'' (I greet Brother), the ''k'' in ''ksiblim'' can be removed making the phrase ''ze wo siblim.'' This practice is avoided in official documents, but is very common everywhere else.

==Kzanos morphology==

Like konos, kzanos have strict morphology that is hovewer flexible and powerful
when one learns how to use it.

Unlike konos, kzanos have several possible prefixes. Most common are "xu-" and
"zan-" for two different types of kzanos.

First type is easier to understand. It is called possessive form, but it not
always deals with possession or owning. It is made of kon be replasing "k-"
prefix with "xu-". The result is kzan that indicates connection of kon/ksin it
is used for with original kon.

For example "mef" is "to teach", "maad" is "to learn". "kmaadsin" is "student",
"kmefsin" is "teacher", "xumefsin" is "teacher's". So if we have "xumefsin
kmaadsin" then it is "teacher's student" or "student of teacher".

One more intresting thing is one can make kon out of such kzan by adding "k-"
prefix again. The result will be something like "the one, which relates to
original kon". Better to get with example. Once again, "kmefsin" is "teacher",
"xumefsin" is "teacher's", but "kxumefsin" is "teacher's one".

"zan-" is more common kzanos forming prefix. Just like in case of konos there
can be following suffix for subclass specification.
Possible suffixes
"-sin" is roughly equal to "-ing" ending in Common, that makes a participle out
of verb. For example "lim" is "to fly", "klesin" is "leader" so "zanlimsin
lesin" is "flying leader".
"-san" is roughly equaly to "ed" ending in Common. For example "nyar" is to
kill, "zannyarsan klesin" is "killed leader"

==Usage of Ktenos==
It is highly advisable to pay attention to the correct use of ktenos when communicating in Klyros. Wrongly used they can easily be a cause for offence.
===Personal===

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''ze'' (''I'') and ''zeos'' (''we'')}}
====First person====
The most unproblematic of the ktenos is the one referring to oneself alone. The first person singular is ''ze'' (archaic also 'kze').

The first person plural is ''zeos''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ze-reflect.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]| ''zelim'', and ''zemil''}}
Note that the use of the honorific ''wo'' together with the first person is considered uppish, except for a ruler. (It would be appropriate where Common makes use of the "pluralis maiestatis", "''we, the octarch''")

It is polite for a Klyros to give the own gender when addressing a non-Klyros. (It is not alway easy for foreigners to discern the Klyros sexes from their appearance). In these cases 'I' translates to ''zelim'' for a male and ''zemil'' for a female.

====Second person====
{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''yi'' (''you'')}}
In contrast it is most important not to use a gender descriptor when addressing someone directly. That is done with ''yi'' only. The use of ''yilim'' or ''yimil'' between persons who are not familiar is more or less disrespectful depending on whether the grammatical gender matches the sex of the addressee.

In an intimate relation ''yilim'' and ''yimil'' place an non-ambiguous emphasis on the addressee's sex, while in combination with the honorific prefix ''wo-'' it is considered a term of endearment.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-wo-honour.png]][[Image:KL-yi-oppose.png]]| ''woyi'' (respectful ''you'')}}
The use of ''woyilim'' or ''woyimil'' outside of an intimate relationship equals a proposal.

The standard form of addressing people unknown to oneself or in an especially respectful manner is ''woyi''.

The honorific can be used as a suffix to honour high-ranking individuals when addressing them: ''woyiwo'' corresponds to ''your highness''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-lim-fly.png]][[Image:KL-space.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-mil-dive.png]]|''yalim'' (''he''), and ''yamil'' (''she'')}}
====Third person====
Talking about an individual it is obligatory to make use of a gender descriptor. Everything else would be considered very disrespectful. Thus Common ''he'' translates to ''yalim'' and ''she'' to ''yamil''. When talking about someone who is present it is considered polite to make use of the honorific, but not obligatory, if you are familiar with the subject. The neutral gender used for inanimate objects or asexual beings such as Kran is ''kya'' which means ''it'' or more literally ''object''.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-os-multiply.png]]|''yaos'' (''them'')}}
Talking about a group of people who are known to belong to one sex only, you usually use the gender descriptor aswell (''yalimos'', ''yamilos''). But do not so, if the sexes of all the subjects are not exactly known. For mixed groups only use ''yaos''. The use of the honorific is arbitrary in the plural, depending on the situation.

===Possessives===
*'''my''' & '''mine''': ''xuze'' & ''kxuze''
*'''your''' & '''yours''': ''xuyi'' & ''kxuyi''
*'''his''' & '''his''': ''xuyalim'' & ''kxuyalim''
*'''her''' & '''hers''': ''xuyamil'' & ''kxuyamil''
*'''its''' & '''its''': ''xuya'' & ''kxuya''
*'''our''' & '''ours''': ''xuzeos'' & ''kxuzeos''
*'''your''' & '''yours''' (pl): ''xuyios'' & ''kxuyios''
*'''their''' & '''theirs''': ''xuyaos'' & ''kxuyaos''

===Deixis===
*'''here & there''': ''rafnet'' & ''farnet''
*'''this & that''': ''kyaraf'' & ''kyafar''
*'''these & those''': ''kyarafos'' & ''kyafaros''

==Usage of Kefaos==
For the purpose of understanding Kefaos, there are two catagories of words based on their common counterparts. It should be noted, however, that these are unofficial catagories made only to help those who are learning Klyran as a second or third language.

===Conjunction Kefaos===
These Kefoas roughly correspond to conjunctions in common. They include ''and'' (jojo), ''if'' (je), ''or'' (joja), ''not and'' (ne), etc. While they mean the same as conjuctions, they don't have to link things together. Because this is confusing to Common speakers, that practice has dwindled.

===Logic Kefaos===
These Kefoas are used for logical purposes. They include yes, no, true, false, sometimes true, etc. While they aren't considered conjunctions in common, they can be used as conjunctions in Klyran.

===Placement===
Like conjunctions is Common, Kefoas are usually placed between the Konos to show they are connected. Unlike conjunctions, they may not be used to combine complete sentences together, and combining phrases is limited, but not unheard of. When used in listing, like conjunctions again, they may be placed between the last two things being listed instead of between everything.

When Kefaos are not being used as conjunctions, they can be placed as needed in sentences. They are often interrupt sentences in order to put emphasis on truthfulness, falsehood, or whatever the situation demands.

==Knetos morphology==
Generally knetos are formed by adding specific suffix to "net" prefix so technically knetos have no root. To understand what suffixes are suitable you should first understand aspects of ksinos. According to logic of Klyran every ksin has several aspects of it. Most common are (generally the same with suffixes used in [[#Morphology of Konos|konos formation]]):
#the one, who does the process ("-sin")
#the target of the process ("-san")
#the time where the process takes place ("-qe")
#the place where the process takes place ("-qo")
#the tool that is used in the process ("-pac")
#the reason of the process ("-qi")
#the assistant in the process ("-po")
So "netpo" is "with help of" (somebody), "netpac" is "using" (some tool).

==Numbers==
The concept of the Klyros numbering system might strike foreigners somewhat odd as the cardinal numbers are regarded a process and accordingly are expressed through Ksin. The digits are pronounced as vowels of different pitch and length.

===Cardinal numerals===
The base of the Klyros numbering is a decimal system almost identical to the Common one. The difference is that the symbol for zero is not used to form number values higher than nine. Instead there is a special symbol meaning "ten" that is not used separately. It is appears where you would expect a zero in a number of Common. The digits are formed by the following ideograms:

{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading || || Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''1'''</big> || [[Image:KL-a-equal.png]] || a
|              
| <big>'''6'''</big> || [[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]] || aa
|-
| <big>'''2'''</big> || [[Image:KL-i-double.png]] || i
|              
| <big>'''7'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]] || ii
|-
| <big>'''3'''</big> || [[Image:KL-u-triple.png]] || u
|              
| <big>'''8'''</big> || [[Image:KL-uu-octuple.png]] || uu
|-
| <big>'''4'''</big> || [[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]] || e
|              
| <big>'''9'''</big> || [[Image:KL-ee-nonuple.png]] || ee
|-
| <big>'''5'''</big> || [[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]] || o
|              
| <big>'''(10)'''</big> || [[Image:KL-oo-decuple.png]] || oo
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-u-triple.png]][[Image:KL-ii-septuple.png]][[Image:KL-o-quintuple.png]][[Image:KL-aa-sextuple.png]][[Image:KL-e-quadruple.png]]|''uiioaae'', 37564}}
Thus the word ''uiioaae'' is the pronunciation of the number 37564. If the numbers pronounced as the same vowels are adjacent there is a short shwa or pause inserted to discern them from one another. So ''uiioaa'a'' means 37561.

The number zero is written as ''nu'' which means ''to negate'' (or as substantial form ''knu'' i.e. ''nothing'')
{|
! Common || Klyros || Reading
|-
| <big>'''0'''</big> || [[Image:KL-nu-negate.png]] || nu
|}

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]][[Image:KL-k'-form.png]]|''aik'', twelfth}}
===Ordinal numerals===
Ordinal numbers belong into the word class of ''Kzanos''.

For example while ''ai'' means ''twelve'' ''aik'' refers to the ''twelfth'' of a row.

{{FramePics|[[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-ya-separate.png]][[Image:KL-a-equal.png]][[Image:KL-i-double.png]][[Image:KL-k'-form.png]]|''ayaik'', the twelfth part}}
===Fractions===
Fractions are written using ''ya'' a ksin meaning ''to divide'', that is often shortened to ''y''' when used for this purpose. Depending on their usage the fraction can be a ksin or a kzan.

Fractions with a low denominator are commonly used to form other word classes as well. ''The half'' for example is ''kayi'' in Klyros while ''ayik'' would mean ''half'' in the sense of a Common adjective.

===Negative===
Numbers can be turned negative by adding ''nu'' to the beginning. When the number is pronounced, however, the ''u'' in ''nu'' is dropped, so -37564 is pronounced ''nuiioaae''.

==Typography==
There is no punctuation in Klyros. Sentences are simply separated by a full space, meaning a blank that is equal the size of a ideogram. Words within a sentence are mostly separated by a half-space, half the width of an ideogram. Sometimes, especially often found in ancient poetry, there is no word spacing, to the effect of making the poem more aesthetic to the onlooker but also a lot harder to read and interpret.

==Names==
Some Klyros names are made up of multiple words, or distortions of words, put together to have a hidden meaning. For example, Haiim literally means "to wait, to have opportunity," but if you look at those words together, then you can see hidden meanings like "he who waits for opportunities," which could be taken to mean many other things. Other names don't have meanings, and just sound nice.

However, with centuries many Klyros communities abandoned Klyran, so many modern Klyros names even do not have spelling in Klyran

''[Editor's note: If you are a Klyros and would like for your name to mean something, then click on the below link and add words to mean things. Remember, though, that Klyran words are usually only one, sometimes two, syllables long. If certain syllables are already taken, don't change them, just use them to your advantage. If you can't think of anything that uses those syllables, remember hidden meanings.]''

==See also==
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary]]
* [[Klyros Language/Vocabulary/Transliteration]]

[[Category:Klyros Language]]

Talk:Klyros Language

2009-07-08T13:21:17Z

Bguy: Knetos question

Talk:Klyros Language

2009-07-04T12:12:30Z

Bguy: