PSwiki - User contributions [en]

Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet

2007-01-16T13:44:32Z

Arka: /* Alphabet and Pronunciation */ typo

== Alphabet and Pronunciation ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
! Rune
! Equivalent
! Example
! Pronunciation
|-
| width= 20% | [[Image:FFF.jpg]]''' Fehu'''
|width = 10%| Ff
|width=35% |''Felim'' (joy)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:FFF.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft f as in after
|-
|| [[Image:UUU.jpg]]''' Uruz'''
|| Uu
||''Glukkim'' (luck)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:UUU.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Short u as in but
|-
|| [[Image:THTHTH.jpg]]''' Thurisaz'''
|| Th th
||''Thor't'' (theirs)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:THTHTH.jpg]][[Image:OOO.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]]
|| Soft th as in thistle
|-
|| [[Image:AAA.jpg]]''' Ansuz'''
|| Aa
||''Garam'' (goodness)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Short a as in bat
|-
|| [[Image:RRR.jpg]]''' Raidho'''
|| Rr
||''Rirem'' (laughter)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Rolled as in Scottish reel
|-
|| [[Image:KKK.jpg]]''' Kenaz'''
|| Kk, Cc
|width=25% |''Karnem'' (meat) [[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]] ''Cram'' (fear)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Hard k as in kick
|-
|| [[Image:GGG.jpg]]''' Gebo'''
|| Gg
||''Gentem'' (people)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Alway hard as in girl
|-
|| [[Image:WWW.jpg]]''' Wunjo'''
|| Ww, Vv
||''Vig'' (way)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:WWW.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]]
|| As v in have
|-
|| [[Image:HHH.jpg]]''' Haglaz'''
|| Hh
||''Ham'' (leg)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:HHH.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft ch as in German ich
|-
|| [[Image:NNN.jpg]]''' Naudhiz'''
|| Nn
||''Nakeram'' (poverty)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As n in never
|-
|| [[Image:III.jpg]]''' Isa'''
|| Ii
||''Idna'' (to go)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Slightly shorter than the ee in beer
|-
|| [[Image:JJJ.jpg]]''' Jera'''
|| Jj, Yy
|width=25% |''Yan/Jan'' (one)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:JJJ.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]]
|| Always pronounce y as in yes
|-
|| [[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]]''' Eihwas'''
|| Ei, ei
||''Eina'' (to be)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Pronounced ay-ee like the ei in feign
|-
|| [[Image:PPP.jpg]]''' Perthro'''
|| Pp
|width=25% |''Perram'' (stone)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:PPP.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As p in part
|-
|| [[Image:ZZZ.jpg]]''' Elhaz'''
|| Zz
||''Meizna'' (to injure)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]][[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]][[Image:ZZZ.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Soft zh, like s in pleasure
|-
|| [[Image:SSS.jpg]]''' Sowilo'''
|| Ss
||''Sel'' (this)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]]
|| Soft s as in start
|-
|| [[Image:HHH.jpg]]''' Haglaz'''
|| Hh
||''Ham'' (leg)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:HHH.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft ch as in German ich
|-
|| [[Image:TTT.jpg]]''' Tiwaz'''
|| Tt
||''Tem'' (time)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As t in tree
|-
|| [[Image:BBB.jpg]]''' Berkana'''
|| Bb
||''Barl'' (ale)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:BBB.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]]
|| As b in beer
|-
|| [[Image:MMM.jpg]]''' Mannaz'''
|| Mm
||''Mas'' (but)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]]
|| as m in meet
|-
|| [[Image:LLL.jpg]]''' Laguz'''
|| Ll
||''Leddem'' (leather)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As l in let
|-
|| [[Image:NGNGNG.jpg]]''' Ingwaz'''
|| -ng., -n'
||''Pelin''' (speaking)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:PPP.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:NGNGNG.jpg]]
|| As ng in singing
|-
|| [[Image:DDD.jpg]]''' Dagaz'''
|| Dd
||''Dem'' (today)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| as d in day
|-
|| [[Image:OOO.jpg]]''' Othala'''
|| Oo
||''Ost'' (there)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:OOO.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]]
|| Unstressed - as o in hot
|-
|| [[Image:strO.jpg]]''' stressed Othala'''
|| Õõ
||''Yõ'' (I am)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:JJJ.jpg]][[Image:strO.jpg]]
|| stressed - as o in home
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet

2007-01-16T13:36:17Z

Arka: /* Alphabet and Pronunciation */ wrong symbols fixed

== Alphabet and Pronunciation ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
! Rune
! Equivalent
! Example
! Pronunciation
|-
| width= 20% | [[Image:FFF.jpg]]''' Fehu'''
|width = 10%| Ff
|width=35% |''Felim'' (joy)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:FFF.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft f as in after
|-
|| [[Image:UUU.jpg]]''' Uruz'''
|| Uu
||''Glukkim'' (luck)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:UUU.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Short u as in but
|-
|| [[Image:THTHTH.jpg]]''' Thurisaz'''
|| Th th
||''Thor't'' (theirs)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:THTHTH.jpg]][[Image:OOO.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]]
|| Soft th as in thistle
|-
|| [[Image:AAA.jpg]]''' Ansuz'''
|| Aa
||''Garam'' (goodness)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Short a as in bat
|-
|| [[Image:RRR.jpg]]''' Raidho'''
|| Rr
||''Rirem'' (laughter)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Rolled as in Scottish reel
|-
|| [[Image:KKK.jpg]]''' Kenaz'''
|| Kk, Cc
|width=25% |''Karnem'' (meat) [[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]] ''Cram'' (fear)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Hard k as in kick
|-
|| [[Image:GGG.jpg]]''' Gebo'''
|| Gg
||''Gentem'' (people)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Alway hard as in girl
|-
|| [[Image:WWW.jpg]]''' Wunjo'''
|| Ww, Vv
||''Vig'' (way)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:WWW.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]]
|| As v in have
|-
|| [[Image:HHH.jpg]]''' Haglaz'''
|| Hh
||''Ham'' (leg)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:HHH.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft ch as in German ich
|-
|| [[Image:NNN.jpg]]''' Naudhiz'''
|| Nn
||''Nakeram'' (poverty)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As n in never
|-
|| [[Image:III.jpg]]''' Isa'''
|| Ii
||''Idna'' (to go)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Slightly shorter than the ee in beer
|-
|| [[Image:JJJ.jpg]]''' Jera'''
|| Jj, Yy
|width=25% |''Yan/Jan'' (one)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:JJJ.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]]
|| Always pronounce y as in yes
|-
|| [[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]]''' Eihwas'''
|| Ei, ei
||''Eina'' (to be)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Pronounced ay-ee like the ei in feign
|-
|| [[Image:PPP.jpg]]''' Perthro'''
|| Pp
|width=25% |''Perram'' (stone)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:PPP.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As p in part
|-
|| [[Image:ZZZ.jpg]]''' Elhaz'''
|| Zz
||''Meizna'' (to injure)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]][[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]][[Image:ZZZ.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Soft zh, like s in pleasure
|-
|| [[Image:SSS.jpg]]''' Sowilo'''
|| Ss
||''Sel'' (this)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]]
|| Soft s as in start
|-
|| [[Image:HHH.jpg]]''' Haglaz'''
|| Hh
||''Ham'' (leg)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:HHH.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft ch as in German ich
|-
|| [[Image:TTT.jpg]]''' Tiwaz'''
|| Tt
||''Tem'' (time)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As t in tree
|-
|| [[Image:BBB.jpg]]''' Berkana'''
|| Bb
||''Barl'' (ale)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:BBB.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]]
|| As b in beer
|-
|| [[Image:MMM.jpg]]''' Mannaz'''
|| Mm
||''Mas'' (but)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]]
|| as m in meet
|-
|| [[Image:LLL.jpg]]''' Laguz'''
|| Ll
||''Leddem'' (leather)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As l in let
|-
|| [[Image:NGNGNG.jpg]]''' Ingwaz'''
|| -ng., -n'
||''Pelin''' (speaking)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:PPP.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:NGNGNG.jpg]]
|| As ng in singing
|-
|| [[Image:DDD.jpg]]''' Isa'''
|| Dd
||''Dem'' (today)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| as d in day
|-
|| [[Image:OOO.jpg]]''' Othala'''
|| Oo
||''Ost'' (there)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:OOO.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]]
|| Unstressed - as o in hot
|-
|| [[Image:strO.jpg]]''' stressed Othala'''
|| Õõ
||''Yõ'' (I am)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:JJJ.jpg]][[Image:strO.jpg]]
|| stressed - as o in home
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions

2007-01-07T12:08:23Z

Arka: /* Cases */ Verb modifications completed

= Prepositions =

'''Work in Progress'''
These are the little words like 'on', 'in', 'at' In the generic sense, these are more correctly referred to as 'adpositions'. In English, they can be used to modify a verb or noun or to complement verbs, nouns, adjectives or other adpositions.

In Stonebreaker, adpositions tend to be used to modify verbs, creating a [[Stonebreaker Language/Phrasal Verbs|phrasal verb]]. Examples include:
Imidna: to go in
Sulmisna: To put on
Kumvenna: to come together.

== Cases ==

The scope of the preposition is modified by tbe case of the object of the sentence. Where movement is indicated (for example into, out of, through) the Dative case is used. Where there is no movement or the preposition describes the status of the object, the Ablative, Accusative or Genitive case is used, depending on the meaning. This can be a little confusing, and is best shown through real examples:

''Arka imid Barldomol (Dative)'': Arka goes into the Tavern

''Arka ei im Barldomom (Ablative)'': Arka is in the Tavern

''Arka Immit Mela Baggirtol or't'': Arka puts an Apple into her bag (Apple is the subject and so is in the Accusative case, Bag is in the Dative case)

''Arka imavoy Baggirtom Lordbugor'': Arka looks in Lordbug's bag (Here Bag is in the Ablative case and Lordbug is in the Genitive)

Note the combination of two adpositions, ''im'' (in) and ''a'' (at) to convey the idea of 'to look in'

However:

''Arka imkerk Mela Baggirtom Lordbugor'': Arka looks for (searches) an Apple in Lordbug's bag

Here, imkerkna means 'to search in' which takes the Ablative (nothing is moving here). The thing being searched for is the subject of the sentence and so takes the Accusative case.

By using the correct cases, many concepts can be expressed without the use of prepositions. For example:

''Arka avoy Ekk fekel Harnquistom'': Arka looks at the axe made by Hanquist

Here the adposition 'a' (at) before the verb ''voyna'' modifies 'to see' to mean 'to look at'. This takes the '''Accusative''' (as the object of the sentence - in this case, the axe). Harnquist is expressed in the '''Instrumental''' case which conveys the meaning that the axe was made by him. Note that that in Stonebreaker, the Instrumental case is identical to the Ablative (used to express the concept of 'from').

''Arka don Ekk Lordbugol'': Arka gives the axe to Lordbug ('''Dative''' case to express 'to')

Putting these together:

''Arka avoy Ekk fekel Harnquistom Lordgugol'': Arka looks at the axe made by Harnquist for (to) Lordbug

Takng this further:

''Arka don Lordbugol Ekk Harnquistom'': Ark gives Lordbug an axe from Harnquist (one of Harnquist's axes - in the sense of made by him)

Contrast this with:

''Arka don Lordbugol Ekk Harnquistor'': Arka gives Lordbug Harnquist's axe (an axe belonging to Harnquist)

Note that the sense of the sentence is conveyed by the case of the nouns, not the word order.

Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Prepositions

2007-01-07T11:41:22Z

Arka: /* Common Prepositions */ added 'at ' and 'again'

== Common Prepositions ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="50%"
!Stonebreaker
!Translation
|-
|width= 50% | ''Abeth''
|width = 50%| After (in time)
|-
|| ''A''
|| at
|-
|| ''Ad''
|| Up
|-
|| ''Al''
|| Down
|-
|| ''Aleth''
|| Before (in time)
|-
|| ''Als''
|| While
|-
|| ''Alt''
|| Before (in front of)
|-
|| ''An''
|| Again
|-
|| ''Desso''
|| Below, under, beneath
|-
|| ''El''
|| By, near
|-
|| ''Eptr''
|| Along
|-
|| ''Im''
|| In, inside, into
|-
|| ''Kum''
|| With
|-
|| ''Mithli''
|| Among
|-
|| ''Ofir''
|| Above, over
|-
|| ''Ot''
|| Through
|-
|| ''Pod''
|| After, behind
|-
|| ''Presk''
|| Almost, nearly
|-
|| ''Ut''
|| out, outside
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions

2007-01-07T11:00:50Z

Arka: More stuff on cases added (more to come)

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions

2007-01-06T09:57:41Z

Arka:

Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Prepositions

2007-01-06T09:52:50Z

Arka: Formattinig

== Common Prepositions ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="50%"
!Stonebreaker
!Translation
|-
|width= 50% | ''Abeth''
|width = 50%| After (in time)
|-
|| ''Ad''
|| Up
|-
|| ''Al''
|| Down
|-
|| ''Aleth''
|| Before (in time)
|-
|| ''Als''
|| While
|-
|| ''Alt''
|| Before (in front of)
|-
|| ''Desso''
|| Below, under, beneath
|-
|| ''El''
|| By, near
|-
|| ''Eptr''
|| Along
|-
|| ''Im''
|| In, inside, into
|-
|| ''Kum''
|| With
|-
|| ''Mithli''
|| Among
|-
|| ''Ofir''
|| Above, over
|-
|| ''Ot''
|| Through
|-
|| ''Pod''
|| After, behind
|-
|| ''Presk''
|| Almost, nearly
|-
|| ''Ut''
|| out, outside
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Prepositions

2007-01-06T09:51:45Z

Arka: Vocabulary added

== Common Prepositions ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="50%"
!Stonebreaker
!Translation
|-
|width= 50% | ''Abeth''
|width = 50%| After (in time)
|-
|| ''Ad''
|| Up
|-
|| ''Al''
|| Down
|-
|| ''Aleth''
|| Before (in time)
|-
|| ''Als''
|| While
|-
|| ''Alt''
|| Before (in front of)
-
|| ''Desso''
|| Below, under, beneath
-
|| ''El''
|| By, near
-
|| ''Eptr''
|| Along
-
|| ''Im''
|| In, inside, into
-
|| ''Kum''
|| With
-
|| ''Mithli''
|| Among
-
|| ''Ofir''
|| Above, over
-
|| ''Ot''
|| Through
-
|| ''Pod''
|| After, behind
-
|| ''Presk''
|| Almost, nearly
-
|| ''Ut''
|| out, outside
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Prepositions

2007-01-05T14:45:34Z

Arka:

Stonebreaker and Hammerwielder Language

2007-01-05T12:45:06Z

Arka: /* Vocabulary */ added link to vocabulary/prepositions

[[Image:Pel_Perrakithor.jpg]]

''' PEL PERRAKITHOR'''

== History and Characteristics ==
Very little is known about the origins of Pel Perrakithor (the speech of the Stonebreakers). Some say that this is a very ancient language and predates the 'classic' mannish tongues; some even claim that this was the forerunner of modern European languages. What is clear is that there are many cognates (shared roots) with European languages; which came first is less clear. Do not confuse Stonebreaker with the prehistoric language of the Dwarfs. This common tongue is almost never shared with non-Dwarfs and is largely unpronounceable to men. Dwarfs still use ancient Dwarfish to communicate with each other but never to other races.

It is for this reason, perhaps that the early Stonebreakers developed a separate language with which they could communicate with men and other races. This, undoubtedly arose from the need to trade goods (and ideas) with others.

You will find Pel Perrakithor a logical and highly structured language. There are few irregular words, reflecting the Stonebreakers' love of symmetry and elegance, reflected in their architecture. It is also clear and unambiguous, almost to the point of pedantry. Thirdly it is a highly efficient language, allowing new words to be constructed by building on existing words, much like modern German. Fourthly it easily allows the expression of concepts (in the form of 'Head' nouns - things you think with) alongside concrete entities (expressed with 'Hand' nouns - things you can, generally, touch). This creates a reflective and meditative language - and comes from long periods spent in solitude, deep underground, where the absence of distraction leads to deep thought and philosophising - a favourite pastime for Stonebreakers (apart from drinking of course). Finally a note on gender. You will find very few separate gender words, apart from those that define relationships such as ''Brodr'' and ''Sjestr'' (Brother and Sister) and adjectives such as ''Arka'' (pretty) and ''Arkumin'' (handsome). Children are ''Pekartth'' (little ones), Dwarfs are ''Dvertth'', regardless of gender. This just expresses the lack of importance placed on gender by Stonebreakers; all work, play, fight and drink in equal amounts. Gender just doesn't feature. You will find Stonebreaker easy to learn and use; the rules are clear and the vocabulary strangely familiar.

== Guide to Pronunciation ==

Stonebreakers, as their name implies are a race used to working with stone. The are miners, quarriers and masons, and prefer the depths of the world to the open air. Their language reflects this; it is clear and concise, it avoids harshness and consonant clashes and pronunciation is almost always consistent. This makes it easier to be understood when speaking in large underground spaces, where echoes can distort the sounds of words.

== Grammar ==
Stonebreaker grammar is very similar to classical european languages, with some minor embellishments. It is highly structured and very largely consistent with very few irregularities.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs|Verbs]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives and Adverbs]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]

== Vocabulary ==
Phrasal verbs - '[[Stonebreaker Language/Phrasal Verbs|To go]]'

Common [[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Adjectives|Adjectives]] and their opposites.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Numbers|Numbers]]: Cardinals and Ordinals.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Useful Phrases|Useful Phrases]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Prepositions|Prepositions]]

== Written Stonebreaker ==
Original Stonebreaker was written in the 24 - character '[[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|FUTHARK]]' or [[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|Runic alphabet]]. This set of characters are easy to carve into rock or wood and equate to the runes used by Nordic mannish tribes. In modern times, these are translated into a phonetic alphabet for easy understanding by those who do not read runes. This has been accompanied by the addition of new letters, not in the original alphabet. For example, K is now accompanied by C and J by Y. Some letters do not appear except in names. These include Q and X. Some sounds are recreated phonetically; for example the 'w' sound in wish is created by combining oo with i. The 'j' sound in just is spelled 'dj'. These combinations are consistent and logical and should cause no problems for the novice.

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions

2007-01-04T13:03:03Z

Arka:

Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet

2007-01-03T12:56:53Z

Arka: /* Alphabet and Pronunciation */ reformat

== Alphabet and Pronunciation ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
! Rune
! Equivalent
! Example
! Pronunciation
|-
| width= 20% | [[Image:FFF.jpg]]''' Fehu'''
|width = 10%| Ff
|width=35% |''Felim'' (joy)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:FFF.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft f as in after
|-
|| [[Image:UUU.jpg]]''' Uruz'''
|| Uu
||''Glukkim'' (luck)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:UUU.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Short u as in but
|-
|| [[Image:THTHTH.jpg]]''' Thurisaz'''
|| Th th
||''Thor't'' (theirs)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:THTHTH.jpg]][[Image:OOO.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]]
|| Soft th as in thistle
|-
|| [[Image:AAA.jpg]]''' Ansuz'''
|| Aa
||''Garam'' (goodness)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Short a as in bat
|-
|| [[Image:RRR.jpg]]''' Raidho'''
|| Rr
||''Rirem'' (laughter)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Rolled as in Scottish reel
|-
|| [[Image:KKK.jpg]]''' Kenaz'''
|| Kk, Cc
|width=25% |''Karnem'' (meat) [[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]] ''Cram'' (fear)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Hard k as in kick
|-
|| [[Image:GGG.jpg]]''' Gebo'''
|| Gg
||''Gentem'' (people)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Alway hard as in girl
|-
|| [[Image:WWW.jpg]]''' Wunjo'''
|| Ww, Vv
||''Vig'' (way)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:WWW.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]]
|| As v in have
|-
|| [[Image:HHH.jpg]]''' Haglaz'''
|| Hh
||''Ham'' (leg)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:HHH.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft ch as in German ich
|-
|| [[Image:NNN.jpg]]''' Naudhiz'''
|| Nn
||''Nakeram'' (poverty)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As n in never
|-
|| [[Image:III.jpg]]''' Isa'''
|| Ii
||''Idna'' (to go)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Slightly shorter than the ee in beer
|-
|| [[Image:JJJ.jpg]]''' Jera'''
|| Jj, Yy
|width=25% |''Yan/Jan'' (one)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:JJJ.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]]
|| Always pronounce y as in yes
|-
|| [[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]]''' Eihwas'''
|| Ei, ei
||''Eina'' (to be)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Pronounced ay-ee like the ei in feign
|-
|| [[Image:PPP.jpg]]''' Perthro'''
|| Pp
|width=25% |''Perram'' (stone)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:PPP.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As p in part
|-
|| [[Image:ZZZ.jpg]]''' Elhaz'''
|| Zz
||''Meizna'' (to injure)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]][[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]][[Image:ZZZ.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Soft zh, like s in pleasure
|-
|| [[Image:SSS.jpg]]''' Sowilo'''
|| Ss
||''Sel'' (this)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]]
|| Soft s as in start
|-
|| [[Image:TTT.jpg]]''' Haglaz'''
|| Hh
||''Ham'' (leg)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:HHH.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft ch as in German ich
|-
|| [[Image:NNN.jpg]]''' Tiwaz'''
|| Tt
||''Tem'' (time)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As t in tree
|-
|| [[Image:BBB.jpg]]''' Berkana'''
|| Bb
||''Barl'' (ale)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:BBB.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]]
|| As b in beer
|-
|| [[Image:MMM.jpg]]''' Mannaz'''
|| Mm
||''Mas'' (but)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]]
|| as m in meet
|-
|| [[Image:LLL.jpg]]''' Laguz'''
|| Ll
||''Leddem'' (leather)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As l in let
|-
|| [[Image:NGNGNG.jpg]]''' Ingwaz'''
|| -ng., -n'
||''Pelin''' (speaking)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:PPP.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:NGNGNG.jpg]]
|| As ng in singing
|-
|| [[Image:DDD.jpg]]''' Isa'''
|| Dd
||''Dem'' (today)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| as d in day
|-
|| [[Image:OOO.jpg]]''' Othala'''
|| Oo
||''Ost'' (there)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:OOO.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]]
|| Unstressed - as o in hot
|-
|| [[Image:strO.jpg]]''' stressed Othala'''
|| Õõ
||''Yõ'' (I am)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:JJJ.jpg]][[Image:strO.jpg]]
|| stressed - as o in home
|}

Talk:Stonebreaker and Hammerwielder Language

2007-01-02T13:25:18Z

Arka:

OK - This is nearly back up to what it was before we lost the backup (and this time I'm keeping my own backups) There may be a few changes here and there (my memory not being what it was) so if anyone spots major differences, please let me know.

Now what? I have a huge amount of vocabulary, but this isn't best suited to the Wiki-style layout. I can separate it into themes (like a phrase book would): food, weapons, body parts etc. This might be useful to those wanting a feel for the language. I am maintaining a dictionary at http://www.geocities.com/Arka_Garam which I am happy to reference from here.

Any ideas? What do people want to see here?

Arka 2.1.07

Talk:Stonebreaker and Hammerwielder Language

2007-01-02T13:23:06Z

Arka:

OK - This is nearly back up to what it was before we lost the backup (and this time I'm keeping my own backups) There may be a few changes here and there (my memory not being what it was) so if anyone spots major differences, please let me know.

Now what? I have a huge amount of vocabulary, but this isn't best suited to the Wiki-style layout. I can separate it into themes (like a phrase book would): food, weapons, body parts etc. This might be useful to those wanting a feel for the language. I am maintaining a dictionary at [http://www.geocities.com/Arka_Garam]which I am happy to reference from here.

Any ideas? What do people want to see here?

Arka 2.1.07

Talk:Stonebreaker and Hammerwielder Language

2007-01-02T13:22:16Z

Arka:

OK - This is nearly back up to what it was before we lost the backup (and this time I'm keeping my own backups) There may be a few changes here and there (my memory not being what it was) so if anyone spots major differences, please let me know.

Now what? I have a huge amount of vocabulary, but this isn't best suited to the Wiki-style layout. I can separate it into themes (like a phrase book would): food, weapons, body parts etc. This might be useful to those wanting a feel for the language. I am maintaining a dictionary at [www.geocities.com/Arka_Garam]which I am happy to reference from here.

Any ideas? What do people want to see here?

Arka 2.1.07

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-02T13:16:31Z

Arka: /* Conditional Tenses */ clean up

= Verbs =

Verbs are fairly straightforward in Stonebreaker. The spoken language is generally confined to the present, past historic and simple future tense, also the conditional voice. These are constructed in a regular way and there are very few irregular verbs (notably ''Einna'' - to be and ''Oona'' - to have).

= Infinitive =

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
''Donna'' to give 
''Idna'' to go 
''Imna'' to want or need

And the irregular verbs: 
''Eina'' To be 
''Oona'' to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural: 
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They 
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

= Present Tense =

''Donõ'': I give, 
''Donor'': You (sing) give 
''Don'': He/she/it gives 
''Donoth'': We give 
''Donorth'': You (pl) give 
''Donith'': They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
''Im'': he wants, from ''Imna'' to want 
''Id'': he goes, from ''Idna'' to go 
''Pel'': he speaks from ''Pelna'' to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
''Imõ'' (I want) becomes ''Imoth'' (we want) 
''Idõ'' (I go) becomes ''Idoth'' (we go).

== Present Continuous ==

There is only one present tense in Stonebreaker. Some langages (including English) have a present continuous tense: I am going, I am thinking, etc.

The difficulty with this construction is that it introduces an element of ambiguity into the language. Take the following:

I am going to hunt Tefusang.

This can mean
I am going (ie on my way ) to hunt Tefusang 
I will hunt Tefusang at some point in the future 
I intend to hunt Tefusang. 

In Stonebreaker these would be expressed quite differently:

''Idõ na Hassna Tefusangeth'' 
''Hassõ’n Tefusangeth'' 
''Tendõ Hassna Tefusangeth'' 

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Yõ'': I am 
''Ar'': You (s) are 
''Ei'': He/she/it is 
''Yoth'': We are 
''Arth'': You (pl) are 
''Eith'': They are 

'''''Oona'': to have '''
''Õ'': I have 
''Or'': You (s) have 
''Oo'': He/she/it has 
''Oth'': We have 
''Orth'': You (pl) have 
''Ooth'': They have 

= Imperative =

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Irregular verbs ==

''A’'': (Be) 
'' A’Ganta!'': ‘be strong!’ 

''Ath'': (Let us be) 
''Ath Amnartth'': ‘let’s be friends’ 

''O’'': (Have, have it) 
''O’Felim'': ‘Have fun’ 

''Oth'': (let’s have, let’s have it) 
''Oth Repart'': ‘Let’s have dinner 

= Simple Future tense =

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word ''en'' (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (''Dem'') and Tomorrow (''Demen'' – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
''Dono’n'': I shall give 
''Donoren'': You (sing) will give 
''Donen'': He/she/it will give 
''Donothen'': We shall give 
''Donorthen'': You (pl) will give 
''Donithen'': They will give 

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: ''Dono’n'' 

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So ''Verõ'' (I swear) can take the form ''Veromen'' (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ''‘Veromen’'' means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so ''Donomen'' and ''Dono’n'' both mean I shall give.

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Yon'': I shall be 
''Ar'n'': You (s) will be 
''Ei'n'': He/she/it will be 
''Yothen'': We shall be 
''Arthen'': You (pl) will be 
''Eithen'': They will be 

'''''Oona'': to have''' 
''On'': I shall have 
''Or'n'': You (s) will have 
''Oo'n'': He/she/it will have 
''Othen'': We shall have 
''Orthen'': You (pl) will have 
''Oothen'': They will have 

= Past Tenses =

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. Its construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): ''Don''. Now add –el to create the past participle: ''Donel'' (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective ''Dona'' – ‘given’ as in ''Don’ekk'' – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb ''Oona'' – to give: 
''Donelõ'': I gave 
''Donelor'': You (sing) gave) 
''Doneloo'': he/she/it gave 
''Doneloth'': We gave 
''Donelorth'': You (pl) gave 
''Donelooth'': They gave 

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Elõ'': I was 
''Elor'': You (s) were 
''Eloo'': He/she/it was 
''Eloth'': We were 
''Elorth'': You (pl) were 
''Elooth'': They were 

'''''Oona'': to have''' 
Oonelõ: I had 
Oonelor: You (s) had 
Ooneloo: He/she/it had 
Ooneloth: We had 
Oonelorth: You (pl) had 
Oonelooth: They had 

== Past continuous ==

This is used to express something that was done over a period of time, for example:

I stayed in Akkaio for a few days 
or 
While I was hunting I met Lordbug. 

Both of these constructions use the past continuous.

''Stedinelõ Akkaiom tevertom demeth''.

''Als hassinelõ, voyelõ Lordbug''.

The contruction is Root + in + present tense of ''oona'' (to have).

e.g. ''Pelna'': to speak

''Pelinelõ'': I was speaking 
''Pelinelor'': You were speaking 
''Pelineloo'': He/She was speaking 
''Pelineloth'': We were speaking 
''Pelinelorth'': You were speaking 
''Pelinelooth'': They were speaking 

== Past pluperfect ==

This is used to express something that happened even further back in time than the reported action. In English this is expressed with the past tens of the verb to have:

I had finished my lunch when the door opened.

In Stonebreaker this is also expressed with the past tense of ''oona'' with the past participle.

''Elõ lukel Alimert or’t, kan Portert h'oveloo.''

''Elõ pelel'': I had spoken 
''Elor pelel'': You had spoken 
''Eloo pelel'': He/She had spoken 
''Eloth pelel'': We had spoken 
''Elorth pelel'': You had spoken 
''Elooth pelel'': They had spoken 

= Conditional Tenses =

These are used to express 'would', for example, in the sentence, "If I had some money I would buy an axe". This translates as ''Ir Oonelõ triath, Asirõ Ekk''. Look at the word, ''Asirõ''. This is the present conditional tense, expressed in the first person singular. It is derived from the verb ''Asna'' (to buy), and means 'I would buy'. Conditionality is expressed with the insertion of the word ir (if) between the root of the verb and the standard endings. So: ''As + ir + õ'' = ''Asirõ'': I would buy.

== Present Conditional tense ==

''Donirõ'': I would give 
''Doniror'': You (s) would give 
''Donir'': He/she/it would give 
''Doniroth'': We would give 
''Donirorth'': You (pl) would give 
''Donirith'': They would give 

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be '''
''Eirõ'': I would be 
''Eiror'': You (s) would be 
''Eir'': He/she/it would be 
''Eiroth'': We would be 
''Eirorth'': You (pl) would be 
''Eirith'': They would be 

'''''Oona'': to have '''
''Ooirõ'': I would have 
''Ooiror'': You (s) would have 
''Ooir'': He/she/it would have 
''Ooiroth'': We would have 
''Ooirorth'': You (pl) would have 
''Ooirith'': They would have 

== Past Conditional tense ==

''Donelirõ'': I would have given 
''Doneliror'': You (s) would have given 
''Donelir'': He/she/it would have given 
''Doneliroth'': We would have given 
''Donelirorth'': You (pl) would have given 
''Donelirith'': They would have given 

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be '''
''Elirõ'': I would have been 
''Eliror'': You (s) would have been 
''Elir'': He/she/it would have been 
''Eliroth'': We would have been 
''Elirorth'': You (pl) would have been 
''Elirith'': They would have been 

'''''Oona'': to have '''
''Oonelirõ'': I would have had 
''Ooneliror'': You (s) would have had 
''Oonelir'': He/she/it would have had 
''Ooneliroth'': We would have had 
''Oonelirorth'': You (pl) would have had 
''Oonelirith'': They would have had

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-02T13:12:59Z

Arka: Added Conditional tenses

= Verbs =

Verbs are fairly straightforward in Stonebreaker. The spoken language is generally confined to the present, past historic and simple future tense, also the conditional voice. These are constructed in a regular way and there are very few irregular verbs (notably ''Einna'' - to be and ''Oona'' - to have).

= Infinitive =

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
''Donna'' to give 
''Idna'' to go 
''Imna'' to want or need

And the irregular verbs: 
''Eina'' To be 
''Oona'' to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural: 
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They 
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

= Present Tense =

''Donõ'': I give, 
''Donor'': You (sing) give 
''Don'': He/she/it gives 
''Donoth'': We give 
''Donorth'': You (pl) give 
''Donith'': They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
''Im'': he wants, from ''Imna'' to want 
''Id'': he goes, from ''Idna'' to go 
''Pel'': he speaks from ''Pelna'' to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
''Imõ'' (I want) becomes ''Imoth'' (we want) 
''Idõ'' (I go) becomes ''Idoth'' (we go).

== Present Continuous ==

There is only one present tense in Stonebreaker. Some langages (including English) have a present continuous tense: I am going, I am thinking, etc.

The difficulty with this construction is that it introduces an element of ambiguity into the language. Take the following:

I am going to hunt Tefusang.

This can mean
I am going (ie on my way ) to hunt Tefusang 
I will hunt Tefusang at some point in the future 
I intend to hunt Tefusang. 

In Stonebreaker these would be expressed quite differently:

''Idõ na Hassna Tefusangeth'' 
''Hassõ’n Tefusangeth'' 
''Tendõ Hassna Tefusangeth'' 

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Yõ'': I am 
''Ar'': You (s) are 
''Ei'': He/she/it is 
''Yoth'': We are 
''Arth'': You (pl) are 
''Eith'': They are 

'''''Oona'': to have '''
''Õ'': I have 
''Or'': You (s) have 
''Oo'': He/she/it has 
''Oth'': We have 
''Orth'': You (pl) have 
''Ooth'': They have 

= Imperative =

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Irregular verbs ==

''A’'': (Be) 
'' A’Ganta!'': ‘be strong!’ 

''Ath'': (Let us be) 
''Ath Amnartth'': ‘let’s be friends’ 

''O’'': (Have, have it) 
''O’Felim'': ‘Have fun’ 

''Oth'': (let’s have, let’s have it) 
''Oth Repart'': ‘Let’s have dinner 

= Simple Future tense =

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word ''en'' (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (''Dem'') and Tomorrow (''Demen'' – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
''Dono’n'': I shall give 
''Donoren'': You (sing) will give 
''Donen'': He/she/it will give 
''Donothen'': We shall give 
''Donorthen'': You (pl) will give 
''Donithen'': They will give 

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: ''Dono’n'' 

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So ''Verõ'' (I swear) can take the form ''Veromen'' (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ''‘Veromen’'' means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so ''Donomen'' and ''Dono’n'' both mean I shall give.

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Yon'': I shall be 
''Ar'n'': You (s) will be 
''Ei'n'': He/she/it will be 
''Yothen'': We shall be 
''Arthen'': You (pl) will be 
''Eithen'': They will be 

'''''Oona'': to have''' 
''On'': I shall have 
''Or'n'': You (s) will have 
''Oo'n'': He/she/it will have 
''Othen'': We shall have 
''Orthen'': You (pl) will have 
''Oothen'': They will have 

= Past Tenses =

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. Its construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): ''Don''. Now add –el to create the past participle: ''Donel'' (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective ''Dona'' – ‘given’ as in ''Don’ekk'' – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb ''Oona'' – to give: 
''Donelõ'': I gave 
''Donelor'': You (sing) gave) 
''Doneloo'': he/she/it gave 
''Doneloth'': We gave 
''Donelorth'': You (pl) gave 
''Donelooth'': They gave 

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Elõ'': I was 
''Elor'': You (s) were 
''Eloo'': He/she/it was 
''Eloth'': We were 
''Elorth'': You (pl) were 
''Elooth'': They were 

'''''Oona'': to have''' 
Oonelõ: I had 
Oonelor: You (s) had 
Ooneloo: He/she/it had 
Ooneloth: We had 
Oonelorth: You (pl) had 
Oonelooth: They had 

== Past continuous ==

This is used to express something that was done over a period of time, for example:

I stayed in Akkaio for a few days 
or 
While I was hunting I met Lordbug. 

Both of these constructions use the past continuous.

''Stedinelõ Akkaiom tevertom demeth''.

''Als hassinelõ, voyelõ Lordbug''.

The contruction is Root + in + present tense of ''oona'' (to have).

e.g. ''Pelna'': to speak

''Pelinelõ'': I was speaking 
''Pelinelor'': You were speaking 
''Pelineloo'': He/She was speaking 
''Pelineloth'': We were speaking 
''Pelinelorth'': You were speaking 
''Pelinelooth'': They were speaking 

== Past pluperfect ==

This is used to express something that happened even further back in time than the reported action. In English this is expressed with the past tens of the verb to have:

I had finished my lunch when the door opened.

In Stonebreaker this is also expressed with the past tense of ''oona'' with the past participle.

''Elõ lukel Alimert or’t, kan Portert h'oveloo.''

''Elõ pelel'': I had spoken 
''Elor pelel'': You had spoken 
''Eloo pelel'': He/She had spoken 
''Eloth pelel'': We had spoken 
''Elorth pelel'': You had spoken 
''Elooth pelel'': They had spoken 

= Conditional Tenses =

These are used to express 'would', for ewxample, in the sentence, "If I had some money I would buy an axe". This translates as ''Ir Oonelõ triath, Asirõ Ekk''. Look at the last word, ''Asirõ''. This is the first person expressed in the present conditional tense. It is derived from the verb ''Asna'' (to buy), and means 'I would buy'.Conditionality is expressed with the insertion of the word ir (if). This is added between the root of the verb and the standard endings.

== Present Conditional tense ==

''Donirõ'': I would give 
''Doniror'': You (s) would give 
''Donir'': He/she/it would give 
''Doniroth'': We would give 
''Donirorth'': You (pl) would give 
''Donirith'': They would give 

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be '''
''Eirõ'': I would be 
''Eiror'': You (s) would be 
''Eir'': He/she/it would be 
''Eiroth'': We would be 
''Eirorth'': You (pl) would be 
''Eirith'': They would be 

'''''Oona'': to have '''
''Ooirõ'': I would have 
''Ooiror'': You (s) would have 
''Ooir'': He/she/it would have 
''Ooiroth'': We would have 
''Ooirorth'': You (pl) would have 
''Ooirith'': They would have 

== Past Conditional tense ==

''Donelirõ'': I would have given 
''Doneliror'': You (s) would have given 
''Donelir'': He/she/it would have given 
''Doneliroth'': We would have given 
''Donelirorth'': You (pl) would have given 
''Donelirith'': They would have given 

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be '''
''Elirõ'': I would have been 
''Eliror'': You (s) would have been 
''Elir'': He/she/it would have been 
''Eliroth'': We would have been 
''Elirorth'': You (pl) would have been 
''Elirith'': They would have been 

'''''Oona'': to have '''
''Oonelirõ'': I would have had 
''Ooneliror'': You (s) would have had 
''Oonelir'': He/she/it would have had 
''Ooneliroth'': We would have had 
''Oonelirorth'': You (pl) would have had 
''Oonelirith'': They would have had

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-01T22:22:04Z

Arka: /* Irregular verbs */ typo

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-01T22:20:36Z

Arka: /* Past Historic */ Irregular verbs added

= Verbs =

Verbs are fairly straightforward in Stonebreaker. The spoken language is generally confined to the present, past historic and simple future tense, also the conditional voice. These are constructed in a regular way and there are very few irregular verbs (notably ''Einna'' - to be and ''Oona'' - to have).

= Infinitive =

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
''Donna'' to give 
''Idna'' to go 
''Imna'' to want or need

And the irregular verbs: 
''Eina'' To be 
''Oona'' to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural: 
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They 
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

= Present Tense =

''Donõ'': I give, 
''Donor'': You (sing) give 
''Don'': He/she/it gives 
''Donoth'': We give 
''Donorth'': You (pl) give 
''Donith'': They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
''Im'': he wants, from ''Imna'' to want 
''Id'': he goes, from ''Idna'' to go 
''Pel'': he speaks from ''Pelna'' to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
''Imõ'' (I want) becomes ''Imoth'' (we want) 
''Idõ'' (I go) becomes ''Idoth'' (we go).

== Present Continuous ==

There is only one present tense in Stonebreaker. Some langages (including English) have a present continuous tense: I am going, I am thinking, etc.

The difficulty with this construction is that it introduces an element of ambiguity into the language. Take the following:

I am going to hunt Tefusang.

This can mean
I am going (ie on my way ) to hunt Tefusang 
I will hunt Tefusang at some point in the future 
I intend to hunt Tefusang. 

In Stonebreaker these would be expressed quite differently:

''Idõ na Hassna Tefusangeth'' 
''Hassõ’n Tefusangeth'' 
''Tendõ Hassna Tefusangeth'' 

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Yõ'': I am 
''Ar'': You (s) are 
''Ei'': He/she/it is 
''Yoth'': We are 
''Arth'': You (pl) are 
''Eith'': They are 

'''''Oona'': to have '''
''Õ'': I have 
''Or'': You (s) have 
''Oo'': He/she/it has 
''Oth'': We have 
''Orth'': You (pl) have 
''Ooth'': They have 

= Imperative =

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Irregular verbs ==

''A’'': (Be) 
'' A’Ganta!'': ‘be strong!’ 

''Ath'': (Let us be) 
''Ath Amnartth'': ‘let’s be friends’ 

''O’'': (Have, have it) 
''O’Felim'': ‘Have fun’ 

''Oth'': (let’s have, let’s have it) 
''Oth Repart'': ‘Let’s have dinner 

= Simple Future tense =

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word ''en'' (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (''Dem'') and Tomorrow (''Demen'' – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
''Dono’n'': I shall give 
''Donoren'': You (sing) will give 
''Donen'': He/she/it will give 
''Donothen'': We shall give 
''Donorthen'': You (pl) will give 
''Donithen'': They will give 

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: ''Dono’n'' 

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So ''Verõ'' (I swear) can take the form ''Veromen'' (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ''‘Veromen’'' means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so ''Donomen'' and ''Dono’n'' both mean I shall give.

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Yon'': I shall be 
''Ar'n'': You (s) will be 
''Ei'n'': He/she/it will be 
''Yothen'': We shall be 
''Arthen'': You (pl) will be 
''Eithen'': They will be 

'''''Oona'': to have''' 
''On'': I shall have 
''Or'n'': You (s) will have 
''Oo'n'': He/she/it will have 
''Othen'': We shall have 
''Orthen'': You (pl) will have 
''Oothen'': They will have 

= Past Tenses =

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. Its construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): ''Don''. Now add –el to create the past participle: ''Donel'' (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective ''Dona'' – ‘given’ as in ''Don’ekk'' – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb ''Oona'' – to give: 
''Donelõ'': I gave 
''Donelor'': You (sing) gave) 
''Doneloo'': he/she/it gave 
''Doneloth'': We gave 
''Donelorth'': You (pl) gave 
''Donelooth'': They gave 

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Elõ'': I was 
''Elor'': You (s) were 
''Eloo'': He/she/it was 
''Eloth'': We were 
''Elorth'': You (pl) were 
''Elooth'': They were 

'''''Oona'': to have''' 
Oonelõ: I had 
Onelor: You (s) had 
Ooneloo: He/she/it had 
Ooneloth: We had 
Oonelorth: You (pl) had 
Oonelooth: They had 

== Past continuous ==

This is used to express something that was done over a period of time, for example:

I stayed in Akkaio for a few days 
or 
While I was hunting I met Lordbug. 

Both of these constructions use the past continuous.

''Stedinelõ Akkaiom tevertom demeth''.

''Als hassinelõ, voyelõ Lordbug''.

The contruction is Root + in + present tense of ''oona'' (to have).

e.g. ''Pelna'': to speak

''Pelinelõ'': I was speaking 
''Pelinelor'': You were speaking 
''Pelineloo'': He/She was speaking 
''Pelineloth'': We were speaking 
''Pelinelorth'': You were speaking 
''Pelinelooth'': They were speaking 

== Past pluperfect ==

This is used to express something that happened even further back in time than the reported action. In English this is expressed with the past tens of the verb to have:

I had finished my lunch when the door opened.

In Stonebreaker this is also expressed with the past tense of ''oona'' with the past participle.

''Elõ lukel Alimert or’t, kan Portert h'oveloo.''

''Elõ pelel'': I had spoken 
''Elor pelel'': You had spoken 
''Eloo pelel'': He/She had spoken 
''Eloth pelel'': We had spoken 
''Elorth pelel'': You had spoken 
''Elooth pelel'': They had spoken

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-01T22:14:33Z

Arka: /* Simple Future tense */ addedd irregular verbs

= Verbs =

Verbs are fairly straightforward in Stonebreaker. The spoken language is generally confined to the present, past historic and simple future tense, also the conditional voice. These are constructed in a regular way and there are very few irregular verbs (notably ''Einna'' - to be and ''Oona'' - to have).

= Infinitive =

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
''Donna'' to give 
''Idna'' to go 
''Imna'' to want or need

And the irregular verbs: 
''Eina'' To be 
''Oona'' to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural: 
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They 
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

= Present Tense =

''Donõ'': I give, 
''Donor'': You (sing) give 
''Don'': He/she/it gives 
''Donoth'': We give 
''Donorth'': You (pl) give 
''Donith'': They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
''Im'': he wants, from ''Imna'' to want 
''Id'': he goes, from ''Idna'' to go 
''Pel'': he speaks from ''Pelna'' to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
''Imõ'' (I want) becomes ''Imoth'' (we want) 
''Idõ'' (I go) becomes ''Idoth'' (we go).

== Present Continuous ==

There is only one present tense in Stonebreaker. Some langages (including English) have a present continuous tense: I am going, I am thinking, etc.

The difficulty with this construction is that it introduces an element of ambiguity into the language. Take the following:

I am going to hunt Tefusang.

This can mean
I am going (ie on my way ) to hunt Tefusang 
I will hunt Tefusang at some point in the future 
I intend to hunt Tefusang. 

In Stonebreaker these would be expressed quite differently:

''Idõ na Hassna Tefusangeth'' 
''Hassõ’n Tefusangeth'' 
''Tendõ Hassna Tefusangeth'' 

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Yõ'': I am 
''Ar'': You (s) are 
''Ei'': He/she/it is 
''Yoth'': We are 
''Arth'': You (pl) are 
''Eith'': They are 

'''''Oona'': to have '''
''Õ'': I have 
''Or'': You (s) have 
''Oo'': He/she/it has 
''Oth'': We have 
''Orth'': You (pl) have 
''Ooth'': They have 

= Imperative =

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Irregular verbs ==

''A’'': (Be) 
'' A’Ganta!'': ‘be strong!’ 

''Ath'': (Let us be) 
''Ath Amnartth'': ‘let’s be friends’ 

''O’'': (Have, have it) 
''O’Felim'': ‘Have fun’ 

''Oth'': (let’s have, let’s have it) 
''Oth Repart'': ‘Let’s have dinner 

= Simple Future tense =

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word ''en'' (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (''Dem'') and Tomorrow (''Demen'' – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
''Dono’n'': I shall give 
''Donoren'': You (sing) will give 
''Donen'': He/she/it will give 
''Donothen'': We shall give 
''Donorthen'': You (pl) will give 
''Donithen'': They will give 

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: ''Dono’n'' 

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So ''Verõ'' (I swear) can take the form ''Veromen'' (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ''‘Veromen’'' means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so ''Donomen'' and ''Dono’n'' both mean I shall give.

== Irregular verbs ==

'''''Einna'': to be''' 
''Yon'': I shall be 
''Ar'n'': You (s) will be 
''Ei'n'': He/she/it will be 
''Yothen'': We shall be 
''Arthen'': You (pl) will be 
''Eithen'': They will be 

'''''Oona'': to have''' 
''On'': I shall have 
''Or'n'': You (s) will have 
''Oo'n'': He/she/it will have 
''Othen'': We shall have 
''Orthen'': You (pl) will have 
''Oothen'': They will have 

= Past Tenses =

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. It’s construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): ''Don''. Now add –el to create the past participle: ''Donel'' (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective ''Dona'' – ‘given’ as in ''Don’ekk'' – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb ''Oona'' – to give: 
''Donelõ'': I gave 
''Donelor'': You (sing) gave) 
''Doneloo'': he/she/it gave 
''Doneloth'': We gave 
''Donelorth'': You (pl) gave 
''Donelooth'': They gave 

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

== Past continuous ==

This is used to express something that was done over a period of time, for example:

I stayed in Akkaio for a few days 
or 
While I was hunting I met Lordbug. 

Both of these constructions use the past continuous.

''Stedinelõ Akkaiom tevertom demeth''.

''Als hassinelõ, voyelõ Lordbug''.

The contruction is Root + in + present tense of ''oona'' (to have).

e.g. ''Pelna'': to speak

''Pelinelõ'': I was speaking 
''Pelinelor'': You were speaking 
''Pelineloo'': He/She was speaking 
''Pelineloth'': We were speaking 
''Pelinelorth'': You were speaking 
''Pelinelooth'': They were speaking 

== Past pluperfect ==

This is used to express something that happened even further back in time than the reported action. In English this is expressed with the past tens of the verb to have:

I had finished my lunch when the door opened.

In Stonebreaker this is also expressed with the past tense of ''oona'' with the past participle.

''Elõ lukel Alimert or’t, kan Portert h'oveloo.''

''Elõ pelel'': I had spoken 
''Elor pelel'': You had spoken 
''Eloo pelel'': He/She had spoken 
''Eloth pelel'': We had spoken 
''Elorth pelel'': You had spoken 
''Elooth pelel'': They had spoken

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-01T22:06:36Z

Arka: /* Irregular verbs */ typo

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-01T22:05:44Z

Arka: /* Imperative */ added irregular verbs

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-01T22:01:50Z

Arka: /* Irregular verbs */

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-01T22:01:13Z

Arka: /* Present Continuous */ added irregular verbs

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2007-01-01T21:46:36Z

Arka: Added more past tenses

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Negation

2006-12-31T19:23:29Z

Arka: /* Negation */ reformat

== Negation ==

Negation in Stonebreaker is very simple. To reverse the meaning of a noun, adjective or verb, you can add na, ni or n' before the word. The rules are fairly simple. Before a verb, use ni. Before a head noun ending in -am,(or related adjective) use na, otherwise use ni. If the word begins with a vowel, use n' instead of na and nij instead of ni.

'''Examples''':

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
!Head noun
!
!adjective
!
!verb
!
|-
||''Garam'' goodness
||''Nagaram'' evil
||''gara'' good
||''nagara'' bad
||''garna'' to make good
||''nigarna'' to corrupt, spoil
|-
||''Felim'' joy
||''Nifelim'' sorrow
||''fel'' happy
||''nifel'' sad
||''felna'' to make happy
||''nifelna'' to sadden
|-
||''Urpem'' warfare
||''Nijurpem'' peace
||''urpe'' belligerent
||''nijurpe'' pacifist
||''urpna'' to fight
||''nijurpna'' to refrain from fighting
|-
||''Cram'' fear
||''Nacram'' bravery
||''cra'' afraid
||''nacra'' unafraid
||''crna'' to fear
||''nicrna'' to be unafraid
|-
||''Gantam'' strength
||''Nagantam'' weakness
||''ganta'' strong
||''naganta'' weak
||''gantna'' to strengthen
||''nigantna'' to weaken
|-
||''Ritam'' sharpness, fitness
||''Naritam'' bluntness
||''rita'' sharp, fit for purpose
||''narita'' blunt, stupid
||''ritna'' to sharpen
||''niritna'' to blunt
|-
||''Arkam'' beauty
||''N'arkam'' ugliness
||''arka'' pretty
||''n'arka'' ugly
||''arkna'' to beautify
||''nijarkna'' to despoil
|-
||''Keram'' extravegance
||''Nakeram'' poverty
||''kera'' dear
||''nakera'' cheap
||''kerna'' to add value
||''nikerna'' to cheapen
|-
||''Ovim'' openness
||''Nijovim'' 'closedness'
||''ov'' open
||''nijov'' closed
||''ovna'' to open
||''nijovna'' to close
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Negation

2006-12-31T19:07:44Z

Arka:

== Negation ==

Negation in Stonebreaker is very simple. To reverse the meaning of a noun, adjective or verb, you can add na, ni or n' before the word. The rules are fairly simple. Before a verb, use ni. Before a head noun ending in -am,(or related adjective) use na, otherwise use ni. If the word begins with a vowel, use n' instead of na and nij instead of ni.

'''Examples''':

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
!Head noun
!
!adjective
!
!verb
!
|-
||''Garam''
||''Nagaram''
||''gara''
||''nagara''
||''garna''
||''nigarna''
|-
||goodness
||evil
||good
||bad
||to make good
||to corrupt, spoil
|-
||''Felim''
||''Nifelim''
||''fel''
||''nifel''
||''felna''
||''nifelna''
|-
||joy
||sorrow
||happy
||sad
||to make happy
||to sadden
|-
||''Urpem''
||''Nijurpem''
||''urpe''
||''nijurpe''
||''urpna''
||''nijurpna''
|-
||warfare
||peace
||belligerent
||pacifist
||to fight
||to refrain from fighting
|-
||''Cram''
||''Nacram''
||''cra''
||''nacra''
||''crna''
||''nicrna''
|-
||fear
||bravery
||afraid
||unafraid
||to fear
||to be unafraid
|-
||''Gantam''
||''Nagantam''
||''ganta''
||''naganta''
||''gantna''
||''nigantna''
|-
||strength
||weakness
||strong
||weak
||to strengthen
||to weaken
|-
||''Ritam''
||''Naritam''
||''rita''
||''narita''
||''ritna''
||''niritna''
|-
||Sharpness, Fitness
||Bluntness
||sharp, fit for purpose
||blunt, stupid
||to sharpen
||to blunt
|-
||''Arkam''
||''N'arkam''
||''arka''
||''n'arka''
||''arkna''
||''nijarkna''
|-
||Beauty
||Ugliness
||pretty
||ugly
||to beuatify
||to despoil
|-
||''Keram''
||''Nakeram''
||''kera''
||''nakera''
||''kerna''
||''nikerna''
|-
||extravegance
||poverty
||dear
||cheap
||to add value
||to cheapen
|-
||''Ovim''
||''Nijovim''
||''ov''
||''nijov''
||''ovna''
||''nijovna''
|-
||openness
||'closedness'
||open
||closed
||to open
||to close
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet

2006-12-31T17:18:52Z

Arka: /* Alphabet and Pronunciation */

== Alphabet and Pronunciation ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
! Rune
! Equivalent
! Example
! Pronunciation
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:FFF.jpg]]''' Fehu'''
|width = 10%| Ff
|width=25% |''Felim'' (joy)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:FFF.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft f as in after
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:UUU.jpg]]''' Uruz'''
|width = 10%| Uu
|width=25% |''Glukkim'' (luck)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:UUU.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Short u as in but
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:THTHTH.jpg]]''' Thurisaz'''
|width = 10%| Th th
|width=25% |''Thor't'' (theirs)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:THTHTH.jpg]][[Image:OOO.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]]
|| Soft th as in thistle
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:AAA.jpg]]''' Ansuz'''
|width = 10%| Aa
|width=25% |''Garam'' (goodness)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Short a as in bat
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:RRR.jpg]]''' Raidho'''
|width = 10%| Rr
|width=25% |''Rirem'' (laughter)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Rolled as in Scottish reel
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:KKK.jpg]]''' Kenaz'''
|width = 10%| Kk, Cc
|width=25% |''Karnem'' (meat) [[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]] ''Cram'' (fear)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Hard k as in kick
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:GGG.jpg]]''' Gebo'''
|width = 10%| Gg
|width=25% |''Gentem'' (people)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Alway hard as in girl
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:WWW.jpg]]''' Wunjo'''
|width = 10%| Ww, Vv
|width=25% |''Vig'' (way)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:WWW.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:GGG.jpg]]
|| As v in have
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:HHH.jpg]]''' Haglaz'''
|width = 10%| Hh
|width=25% |''Ham'' (leg)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:HHH.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft ch as in German ich
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:NNN.jpg]]''' Naudhiz'''
|width = 10%| Nn
|width=25% |''Nakeram'' (poverty) [[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:KKK.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As n in never
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:III.jpg]]''' Isa'''
|width = 10%| Ii
|width=25% |''Idna'' (to go)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Slightly shorter than the ee in beer
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:JJJ.jpg]]''' Jera'''
|width = 10%| Jj, Yy
|width=25% |''Yan/Jan'' (one)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:JJJ.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]]
|| Always pronounce y as in yes
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]]''' Eihwas'''
|width = 10%| Ei, ei
|width=25% |''Eina'' (to be)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Pronounced ay-ee like the ei in feign
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:PPP.jpg]]''' Perthro'''
|width = 10%| Pp
|width=25% |''Perram'' (stone)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:PPP.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As p in part
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:ZZZ.jpg]]''' Elhaz'''
|width = 10%| Zz
|width=25% |''Meizna'' (to injure)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]][[Image:EIEIEI.jpg]][[Image:ZZZ.jpg]][[Image:NNN.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]]
|| Soft zh, like s in pleasure
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:SSS.jpg]]''' Sowilo'''
|width = 10%| Ss
|width=25% |''Sel'' (this)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]]
|| Soft s as in start
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:TTT.jpg]]''' Haglaz'''
|width = 10%| Hh
|width=25% |''Ham'' (leg)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:HHH.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| Soft ch as in German ich
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:NNN.jpg]]''' Tiwaz'''
|width = 10%| Tt
|width=25% |''Tem'' (time)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As t in tree
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:BBB.jpg]]''' Berkana'''
|width = 10%| Bb
|width=25% |''Barl'' (ale)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:BBB.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:RRR.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]]
|| As b in beer
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:MMM.jpg]]''' Mannaz'''
|width = 10%| Mm
|width=25% |''Mas'' (but)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]][[Image:AAA.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]]
|| as m in meet
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:LLL.jpg]]''' Laguz'''
|width = 10%| Ll
|width=25% |''Leddem'' (leather) [[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| As l in let
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:NGNGNG.jpg]]''' Ingwaz'''
|width = 10%| -ng., -n'
|width=25% |''Pelin''' (speaking)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:PPP.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:LLL.jpg]][[Image:III.jpg]][[Image:NGNGNG.jpg]]
|| As ng in singing
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:DDD.jpg]]''' Isa'''
|width = 10%| Dd
|width=20% |''Dem'' (today)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:DDD.jpg]][[Image:EEE.jpg]][[Image:MMM.jpg]]
|| as d in day
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:OOO.jpg]]''' Othala'''
|width = 10%| Oo
|width=20% |''Ost'' (there)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:OOO.jpg]][[Image:SSS.jpg]][[Image:TTT.jpg]]
|| Unstressed - as o in hot
|-
| width= 10% | [[Image:strO.jpg]]''' stressed Othala'''
|width = 10%| Õõ
|width=20% |''Yõ'' (I am)[[Image:SPACE.jpg]][[Image:JJJ.jpg]][[Image:strO.jpg]]
|| stressed - as o in home
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Adjectives

2006-12-31T17:11:59Z

Arka:

== Adjectives ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="75%"
|-
|width = 25%|gara
|width = 25%|good
|width = 25%|nagara
|width = 25%|bad
|-
||rod
||great, big
||pek
||small
|-
||pross
||near
||spara
||far
|-
||oskara
||dark
||lume
||light
|-
||lorda
||heavy
||nalorda
||light
|-
||arka
||pretty
||n'arka
||ugly
|-
||fel
||happy
||nifel
||sad
|-
||ganta
||strong
||naganta
||weak
|-
||glukk
||lucky
||niglukk
||unlucky
|-
||kurte
||short
||lange
||long
|-
||morte
||dead
||fjor
||alive
|-
||kera
||expensive
||nakera
||cheap
|-
||rita
||sharp
||narita
||blunt
|-
||ov
||open
||nijov
||closed
|-
||perik
||dangerous
||sekor
||safe
|-
||plena
||full
||niplena
||empty
|-
||possa
||possible
||nipossa
||impossible
|-
||olgra
||lost
||trove
||found
|-
||varm
||hot
||hlad
||cold
|-
||vere
||true
||nivere
||untrue
|-
||voye
||visible
||nivoye
||invisible
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Adjectives

2006-12-31T16:40:24Z

Arka: typo

== Adjectives and Adverbs ==

In Stonebreaker, adjectives (that describe things) and adverbs (that describe adjectives) take the same form. So, ''gara'' means both 'good' and 'well'. Both adjectives and adverbs precede the word they describe. More often than not they are joined to the word. See the following examples:

''Ei Garabarl.'' This is good ale - ''gara + Barl''.

''Garak''. He works well - ''gara + ak''.

Adjectives are most often formed from type II nouns. Type II nouns that end in -im are formed by removing the im. Others are formed by removing the m. Examples:

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="50%"
!noun
!
!adjective/adverb
!
|-
|width= 25% | ''Garam''
|width = 25%| Goodness
|width=25% | ''gara''
|width=25% | good/well
|-
|| ''Rodem''
|| greatness
|| ''rode''
|| big, great/greatly
|-
|| ''Felim''
|| joy
|| ''fel''
|| happy/happily
|}

Other adjectives include colours:

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="50%"
!Stonebreaker
!Translation
|-
|width= 50% | ''Asera''
|width = 50%| Azure
|-
|| ''Bruna''
|| Brown
|-
|| ''Rora''
|| Red
|-
|| ''Seana''
|| Blue
|-
|| ''Vrda''
|| Green
|-
|| ''Alba''
|| White
|-
|| ''Berna''
|| Yellow
|}

There are also some miscellaneous adverbs:

''Al'' - down: ''Alvoy'' - he looks down 
''Alt'' - before (in time) ''Õm altveneloo'' - he arrived before me 
''Avers'' - away from ''Averido''' - Go away 
''Ber'' - beside ''Bersted Arbem'' He lives beside the forest 
''El'' - near, by ''Elei Akkaiom'' - he is near Akkaio 
''Est'' - here ''Estyõ'' - I am here 
''Im'' - in ''Imid Barldomol'' - He goes into the tavern 
''Lan'' - now ''Lanido''' - Go now 
''Lon'' - then ''Lonpeleloo'' - Then he spoke 
''Ost'' - there ''Ostei'' - It's there 
''Ot'' - through ''Otideloo Plakkertol'' - He went though the square 
''Subit'' - suddenly ''Subit morteloo'' - he died suddenly 
''Ver'' - towards ''Vervoy Bergertth'' He looks towards the hills

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Adjectives

2006-12-31T16:36:51Z

Arka: formatting

== Adjectives and Adverbs ==

In Stonebreaker, adjectives (that describe things) and adverbs (that describe adjectives) take the same form. So, ''gara'' means both 'good' and 'well'. Both adjectives and adverbs precede the word they describe. More often than not they are joined to the word. See the following examples:

''Ei Garabarl.'' This is good ale - ''gara + Barl''.

''Garak''. He works well - ''gara + ak''.

Adjectives are most often formed from type II nouns. Type II nouns that end in -im are formed by removing the im. Others are formed by removing the m. Examples:

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="50%"
!noun
!
!adjective/adverb
!
|-
|width= 25% | ''Garam''
|width = 25%| Goodness
|width=25% | ''gara''
|width=25% | good/well
|-
|| ''Rodem''
|| greatness
|| ''rode''
|| big, great/greatly
|-
|| ''Felim''
|| joy
|| ''fel''
|| happy/happily
|}

Other adjectives include colours:

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="50%"
!Stonebreaker
!Translation
|-
|width= 50% | ''Asera''
|width = 50%| Azure
|-
|| ''Bruna''
|| Brown
|-
|| ''Rora''
|| Red
|-
|| ''Seana''
|| Blue
|-
|| ''Vrda''
|| Green
|-
|| ''Alba''
|| White
|-
|| ''Berna''
|| Yellow
|}

There are also some miscellaneous adverbs:

''Al'' - down: ''Alvoy'' - he looks down 
''Alt'' - before (in time) ''Õm altven'' - he arrived before me 
''Avers'' - away from ''Averido''' - Go away 
''Ber'' - beside ''Bersted Arbem'' He lives beside the forest 
''El'' - near, by ''Elei Akkaiom'' - he is near Akkaio 
''Est'' - here ''Estyõ'' - I am here 
''Im'' - in ''Imid Barldomol'' - He goes into the tavern 
''Lan'' - now ''Lanido''' - Go now 
''Lon'' - then ''Lonpeleloo'' - Then he spoke 
''Ost'' - there ''Ostei'' - It's there 
''Ot'' - through ''Otideloo Plakkertol'' - He went though the square 
''Subit'' - suddenly ''Subit morteloo'' - he died suddenly 
''Ver'' - towards ''Vervoy Bergertth'' He looks towards the hills

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Adjectives

2006-12-31T16:35:08Z

Arka: reconstructed

== Adjectives and Adverbs ==

In Stonebreaker, adjectives (that describe things) and adverbs (that describe adjectives) take the same form. So, ''gara'' means both 'good' and 'well'. Both adjectives and adverbs precede the word they describe. More often than not they are joined to the word. See the following examples:

''Ei Garabarl.'' This is good ale - ''gara + Barl''.

''Garak''. He works well - ''gara + ak''.

Adjectives are most often formed from type II nouns. Type II nouns that end in -im are formed by removing the im. Others are formed by removing the m. Examples:

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="50%"
!noun
!
!adjective/adverb
!
|-
|width= 25% | ''Garam''
|width = 25%| Goodness
|width=25% | ''gara''
|width=25% | good/well
|-
|| ''Rodem''
|| greatness
|| ''rode''
|| big, great/greatly
|-
|| ''Felim''
|| joy
|| ''fel''
|| happy/happily
|}

Other adjectives include colours:

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="50%"
!Stonebreaker
!Translation
|-
|width= 50% | ''Asera''
|width = 50%| Azure
|-
|| ''Bruna''
|| Brown
|-
|| ''Rora''
|| Red
|-
|| ''Seana''
|| Blue
|-
|| ''Vrda''
|| Green
|-
|| ''Alba''
|| White
|-
|| ''Berna''
|| Yellow
|}

There are also some miscellaneous adverbs:

''Al'' - down: ''Alvoy'' - he looks down 
''Alt'' - before (in time) ''Õm altven'' - he arrived before me 
''Avers'' - away from ''Averido''' - Go away
''Ber'' - beside ''Bersted Arbem'' He lives beside the forest
''El'' - near, by ''Elei Akkaiom'' - he is near Akkaio
''Est'' - here ''Estyõ'' - I am here
''Im'' - in ''Imid Barldomol'' - He goes into the tavern
''Lan'' - now ''Lanido''' - Go now
''Lon'' - then ''Lonpeleloo'' - Then he spoke
''Ost'' - there ''Ostei'' - It's there
''Ot'' - through ''Otideloo Plakkertol'' - He went though the square
''Subit'' - suddenly ''Subit morteloo'' - he died suddenly
''Ver'' - towards ''Vervoy Bergertth'' He looks towards the hills

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2006-12-30T23:17:33Z

Arka: /* Verbs */

== Verbs ==

Verbs are fairly straightforward in Stonebreaker. The spoken language is generally confined to the present, past historic and simple future tense, also the conditional voice. These are constructed in a regular way and there are very few irregular verbs (notably ''Einna'' - to be and ''Oona'' - to have).

== Infinitive ==

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
''Donna'' to give 
''Idna'' to go 
''Imna'' to want or need

And the irregular verbs: 
''Eina'' To be 
''Oona'' to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural: 
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They 
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

== Present Tense ==

''Donõ'': I give, 
''Donor'': You (sing) give 
''Don'': He/she/it gives 
''Donoth'': We give 
''Donorth'': You (pl) give 
''Donith'': They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
''Im'': he wants, from ''Imna'' to want 
''Id'': he goes, from ''Idna'' to go 
''Pel'': he speaks from ''Pelna'' to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
''Imõ'' (I want) becomes ''Imoth'' (we want) 
''Idõ'' (I go) becomes ''Idoth'' (we go).

== Imperative ==

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Simple Future tense ==

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word ''en'' (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (''Dem'') and Tomorrow (''Demen'' – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
''Dono’n'': I shall give 
''Donoren'': You (sing) will give 
''Donen'': He/she/it will give 
''Donothen'': We shall give 
''Donorthen'': You (pl) will give 
''Donithen'': They will give 

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: ''Dono’n'' 

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So ''Verõ'' (I swear) can take the form ''Veromen'' (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ''‘Veromen’'' means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so ''Donomen'' and ''Dono’n'' both mean I shall give.

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. It’s construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): ''Don''. Now add –el to create the past participle: ''Donel'' (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective ''Dona'' – ‘given’ as in ''Don’ekk'' – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb ''Oona'' – to give: 
''Donelõ'': I gave 
''Donelor'': You (sing) gave) 
''Doneloo'': he/she/it gave 
''Doneloth'': We gave 
''Donelorth'': You (pl) gave 
''Donelooth'': They gave 

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2006-12-30T23:14:19Z

Arka: /* Past Historic */

== Verbs ==

There is such a lot to learn about verbs in Stonebreaker, I have made this into a separate lesson. Don't be put off, though, as things are pretty much regular and straightforward.

== Infinitive ==

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
''Donna'' to give 
''Idna'' to go 
''Imna'' to want or need

And the irregular verbs: 
''Eina'' To be 
''Oona'' to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural: 
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They 
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

== Present Tense ==

''Donõ'': I give, 
''Donor'': You (sing) give 
''Don'': He/she/it gives 
''Donoth'': We give 
''Donorth'': You (pl) give 
''Donith'': They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
''Im'': he wants, from ''Imna'' to want 
''Id'': he goes, from ''Idna'' to go 
''Pel'': he speaks from ''Pelna'' to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
''Imõ'' (I want) becomes ''Imoth'' (we want) 
''Idõ'' (I go) becomes ''Idoth'' (we go).

== Imperative ==

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Simple Future tense ==

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word ''en'' (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (''Dem'') and Tomorrow (''Demen'' – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
''Dono’n'': I shall give 
''Donoren'': You (sing) will give 
''Donen'': He/she/it will give 
''Donothen'': We shall give 
''Donorthen'': You (pl) will give 
''Donithen'': They will give 

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: ''Dono’n'' 

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So ''Verõ'' (I swear) can take the form ''Veromen'' (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ''‘Veromen’'' means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so ''Donomen'' and ''Dono’n'' both mean I shall give.

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. It’s construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): ''Don''. Now add –el to create the past participle: ''Donel'' (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective ''Dona'' – ‘given’ as in ''Don’ekk'' – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb ''Oona'' – to give: 
''Donelõ'': I gave 
''Donelor'': You (sing) gave) 
''Doneloo'': he/she/it gave 
''Doneloth'': We gave 
''Donelorth'': You (pl) gave 
''Donelooth'': They gave 

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2006-12-30T23:12:32Z

Arka: /* Simple Future tense */

== Verbs ==

There is such a lot to learn about verbs in Stonebreaker, I have made this into a separate lesson. Don't be put off, though, as things are pretty much regular and straightforward.

== Infinitive ==

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
''Donna'' to give 
''Idna'' to go 
''Imna'' to want or need

And the irregular verbs: 
''Eina'' To be 
''Oona'' to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural: 
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They 
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

== Present Tense ==

''Donõ'': I give, 
''Donor'': You (sing) give 
''Don'': He/she/it gives 
''Donoth'': We give 
''Donorth'': You (pl) give 
''Donith'': They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
''Im'': he wants, from ''Imna'' to want 
''Id'': he goes, from ''Idna'' to go 
''Pel'': he speaks from ''Pelna'' to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
''Imõ'' (I want) becomes ''Imoth'' (we want) 
''Idõ'' (I go) becomes ''Idoth'' (we go).

== Imperative ==

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Simple Future tense ==

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word ''en'' (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (''Dem'') and Tomorrow (''Demen'' – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
''Dono’n'': I shall give 
''Donoren'': You (sing) will give 
''Donen'': He/she/it will give 
''Donothen'': We shall give 
''Donorthen'': You (pl) will give 
''Donithen'': They will give 

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: ''Dono’n'' 

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So ''Verõ'' (I swear) can take the form ''Veromen'' (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ''‘Veromen’'' means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so ''Donomen'' and ''Dono’n'' both mean I shall give.

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. It’s construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): Don. Now add –el to create the past participle: Donel (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective Dona – ‘given’ as in Don’ekk – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb Oona – to give:
Donelõ: I gave
Donelor: You (sing) gave)
Doneloo: he/she/it gave
Doneloth: We gave
Donelorth: You (pl) gave
Donelooth: They gave

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2006-12-30T23:09:29Z

Arka: /* Present Tense */

== Verbs ==

There is such a lot to learn about verbs in Stonebreaker, I have made this into a separate lesson. Don't be put off, though, as things are pretty much regular and straightforward.

== Infinitive ==

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
''Donna'' to give 
''Idna'' to go 
''Imna'' to want or need

And the irregular verbs: 
''Eina'' To be 
''Oona'' to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural: 
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They 
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

== Present Tense ==

''Donõ'': I give, 
''Donor'': You (sing) give 
''Don'': He/she/it gives 
''Donoth'': We give 
''Donorth'': You (pl) give 
''Donith'': They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
''Im'': he wants, from ''Imna'' to want 
''Id'': he goes, from ''Idna'' to go 
''Pel'': he speaks from ''Pelna'' to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
''Imõ'' (I want) becomes ''Imoth'' (we want) 
''Idõ'' (I go) becomes ''Idoth'' (we go).

== Imperative ==

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Simple Future tense ==

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word en (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (Dem) and Tomorrow (Demen – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
Dono’n: I shall give
Donoren: You (sing) will give
Donen: He/she/it will give
Donothen: We shall give
Donorthen: You (pl) will give
Donithen; They will give

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: Dono’n

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So Verõ (I swear) can take the form Veromen (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ‘Veromen’ means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so Donomen and Dono’n both mean I shall give.

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. It’s construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): Don. Now add –el to create the past participle: Donel (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective Dona – ‘given’ as in Don’ekk – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb Oona – to give:
Donelõ: I gave
Donelor: You (sing) gave)
Doneloo: he/she/it gave
Doneloth: We gave
Donelorth: You (pl) gave
Donelooth: They gave

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2006-12-30T23:07:45Z

Arka: /* Infinitive */

== Verbs ==

There is such a lot to learn about verbs in Stonebreaker, I have made this into a separate lesson. Don't be put off, though, as things are pretty much regular and straightforward.

== Infinitive ==

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
''Donna'' to give 
''Idna'' to go 
''Imna'' to want or need

And the irregular verbs: 
''Eina'' To be 
''Oona'' to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural: 
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They 
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

== Present Tense ==

Donõ: I give, 
Donor: You (sing) give 
Don: He/she/it gives 
Donoth; We give 
Donorth: You (pl) give 
Donith: They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
Im: he wants, from Imna to want 
Id: he goes, from Idna to go 
Pel: he speaks from Pelna to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
Imõ (I want) becomes Imoth (we want) 
Idõ (I go) becomes Idoth (we go).

== Imperative ==

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Simple Future tense ==

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word en (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (Dem) and Tomorrow (Demen – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
Dono’n: I shall give
Donoren: You (sing) will give
Donen: He/she/it will give
Donothen: We shall give
Donorthen: You (pl) will give
Donithen; They will give

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: Dono’n

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So Verõ (I swear) can take the form Veromen (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ‘Veromen’ means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so Donomen and Dono’n both mean I shall give.

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. It’s construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): Don. Now add –el to create the past participle: Donel (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective Dona – ‘given’ as in Don’ekk – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb Oona – to give:
Donelõ: I gave
Donelor: You (sing) gave)
Doneloo: he/she/it gave
Doneloth: We gave
Donelorth: You (pl) gave
Donelooth: They gave

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2006-12-30T23:06:09Z

Arka: /* Imperative */

== Verbs ==

There is such a lot to learn about verbs in Stonebreaker, I have made this into a separate lesson. Don't be put off, though, as things are pretty much regular and straightforward.

== Infinitive ==

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
Donna to give
Idna to go
Imna to want or need

And the irregular verbs:
Eina To be
Oona to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural:
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

== Present Tense ==

Donõ: I give, 
Donor: You (sing) give 
Don: He/she/it gives 
Donoth; We give 
Donorth: You (pl) give 
Donith: They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
Im: he wants, from Imna to want 
Id: he goes, from Idna to go 
Pel: he speaks from Pelna to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
Imõ (I want) becomes Imoth (we want) 
Idõ (I go) becomes Idoth (we go).

== Imperative ==

Singular: ''Dono’'' Give (it)! 
''Õl Dono’!'' –Give it to me! 
Plural ''Doneth'' Let’s give (it) 
''Doneth Ekk Harnquistol'' – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Simple Future tense ==

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word en (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (Dem) and Tomorrow (Demen – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
Dono’n: I shall give
Donoren: You (sing) will give
Donen: He/she/it will give
Donothen: We shall give
Donorthen: You (pl) will give
Donithen; They will give

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: Dono’n

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So Verõ (I swear) can take the form Veromen (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ‘Veromen’ means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so Donomen and Dono’n both mean I shall give.

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. It’s construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): Don. Now add –el to create the past participle: Donel (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective Dona – ‘given’ as in Don’ekk – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb Oona – to give:
Donelõ: I gave
Donelor: You (sing) gave)
Doneloo: he/she/it gave
Doneloth: We gave
Donelorth: You (pl) gave
Donelooth: They gave

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2006-12-30T23:04:37Z

Arka: /* Present Tense */ formatting

== Verbs ==

There is such a lot to learn about verbs in Stonebreaker, I have made this into a separate lesson. Don't be put off, though, as things are pretty much regular and straightforward.

== Infinitive ==

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
Donna to give
Idna to go
Imna to want or need

And the irregular verbs:
Eina To be
Oona to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural:
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

== Present Tense ==

Donõ: I give, 
Donor: You (sing) give 
Don: He/she/it gives 
Donoth; We give 
Donorth: You (pl) give 
Donith: They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive: 
Im: he wants, from Imna to want 
Id: he goes, from Idna to go 
Pel: he speaks from Pelna to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So: 
Imõ (I want) becomes Imoth (we want) 
Idõ (I go) becomes Idoth (we go).

== Imperative ==

Singular: Dono’ Give (it)! Õl Dono’! –Give it to me!
Plural Doneth Let’s give (it) Doneth Ekk Harnquistol – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Simple Future tense ==

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word en (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (Dem) and Tomorrow (Demen – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
Dono’n: I shall give
Donoren: You (sing) will give
Donen: He/she/it will give
Donothen: We shall give
Donorthen: You (pl) will give
Donithen; They will give

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: Dono’n

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So Verõ (I swear) can take the form Veromen (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ‘Veromen’ means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so Donomen and Dono’n both mean I shall give.

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. It’s construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): Don. Now add –el to create the past participle: Donel (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective Dona – ‘given’ as in Don’ekk – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb Oona – to give:
Donelõ: I gave
Donelor: You (sing) gave)
Doneloo: he/she/it gave
Doneloth: We gave
Donelorth: You (pl) gave
Donelooth: They gave

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs

2006-12-30T23:03:01Z

Arka:

== Verbs ==

There is such a lot to learn about verbs in Stonebreaker, I have made this into a separate lesson. Don't be put off, though, as things are pretty much regular and straightforward.

== Infinitive ==

The infinitive of the verb is easily recognized in Stonebreaker as almost all end in –na.
Examples include:
Donna to give
Idna to go
Imna to want or need

And the irregular verbs:
Eina To be
Oona to have

There are 3 persons that exist in the singular and plural:
I, You (sing), he/she/it, We, You (pl), They
In regular verbs, these are expressed as follows:

== Present Tense ==

Donõ: I give,
Donor: You (sing) give
Don: He/she/it gives
Donoth; We give
Donorth: You (pl) give
Donith: They give

The third case is formed by removing –na from the infinitive:
Im: he wants, from Imna to want
Id: he goes, from Idna to go
Pel: he speaks from Pelna to speak

The plural is formed by adding the generic –th to the singular. Note that in the first person the o is unstressed in the plural. So:
Imõ (I want) becomes Imoth (we want)
Idõ (I go) becomes Idoth (we go).

== Imperative ==

Singular: Dono’ Give (it)! Õl Dono’! –Give it to me!
Plural Doneth Let’s give (it) Doneth Ekk Harnquistol – Let’s give the axe to Harnquist

== Simple Future tense ==

In Stonebreaker, the concept of future is expressed by the use of the word en (and). This can be seen in the words for Today (Dem) and Tomorrow (Demen – ‘Today…and…’)

The simple future is made by adding –en to the end of the present tense in each case, using apostrophes where necessary to avoid vowel clashes:
Dono’n: I shall give
Donoren: You (sing) will give
Donen: He/she/it will give
Donothen: We shall give
Donorthen: You (pl) will give
Donithen; They will give

Notice again the unstressed o in the 1st person singular: Dono’n

In some dialects the apostrophe is avoided by the addition of the letter ‘m’. So Verõ (I swear) can take the form Veromen (I will swear) in the future tense. (This construction is also used in expressing the Ablative case for plural nouns – more on this later). The name ‘Veromen’ means ‘one who will be faithful’ ie one who will swear allegiance. Both forms are acceptable, so Donomen and Dono’n both mean I shall give.

== Past Historic ==

This is the tense used most in narrative and reported speech. It’s construction is slightly more complex than the future. First, take the 3rd person singular (the root of the verb): Don. Now add –el to create the past participle: Donel (‘given’). Note that this is not the same as the adjective Dona – ‘given’ as in Don’ekk – a gift-axe. To conjugate add the present tense of the verb Oona – to give:
Donelõ: I gave
Donelor: You (sing) gave)
Doneloo: he/she/it gave
Doneloth: We gave
Donelorth: You (pl) gave
Donelooth: They gave

‘Oo’ is pronounced as a short ‘oo’ as in the English ‘Shoot’

Stonebreaker and Hammerwielder Language

2006-12-30T22:58:15Z

Arka: /* Grammar */

[[Image:Pel_Perrakithor.jpg]]

''' PEL PERRAKITHOR'''

== History and Characteristics ==
Very little is known about the origins of Pel Perrakithor (the speech of the Stonebreakers). Some say that this is a very ancient language and predates the 'classic' mannish tongues; some even claim that this was the forerunner of modern European languages. What is clear is that there are many cognates (shared roots) with European languages; which came first is less clear. Do not confuse Stonebreaker with the prehistoric language of the Dwarfs. This common tongue is almost never shared with non-Dwarfs and is largely unpronounceable to men. Dwarfs still use ancient Dwarfish to communicate with each other but never to other races.

It is for this reason, perhaps that the early Stonebreakers developed a separate language with which they could communicate with men and other races. This, undoubtedly arose from the need to trade goods (and ideas) with others.

You will find Pel Perrakithor a logical and highly structured language. There are few irregular words, reflecting the Stonebreakers' love of symmetry and elegance, reflected in their architecture. It is also clear and unambiguous, almost to the point of pedantry. Thirdly it is a highly efficient language, allowing new words to be constructed by building on existing words, much like modern German. Fourthly it easily allows the expression of concepts (in the form of 'Head' nouns - things you think with) alongside concrete entities (expressed with 'Hand' nouns - things you can, generally, touch). This creates a reflective and meditative language - and comes from long periods spent in solitude, deep underground, where the absence of distraction leads to deep thought and philosophising - a favourite pastime for Stonebreakers (apart from drinking of course). Finally a note on gender. You will find very few separate gender words, apart from those that define relationships such as ''Brodr'' and ''Sjestr'' (Brother and Sister) and adjectives such as ''Arka'' (pretty) and ''Arkumin'' (handsome). Children are ''Pekartth'' (little ones), Dwarfs are ''Dvertth'', regardless of gender. This just expresses the lack of importance placed on gender by Stonebreakers; all work, play, fight and drink in equal amounts. Gender just doesn't feature. Yo will find Stonebreaker easy to learn and use; the rules are clear and the vocabulary strangely familiar.

== Guide to Pronunciation ==

Stonebreakers, as their name implies are a race used to working with stone. The are miners, quarriers and masons, and prefer the depths of the world to the open air. Their language reflects this; it is clear and concise, it avoids harshness and consonant clashes and pronunciation is almost always consistent. This makes it easier to be understood when speaking in large underground spaces, where echoes can distort the sounds of words.

== Grammar ==
Stonebreaker grammar is very similar to classical european languages, with some minor embellishments. It is highly structured and very largely consistent with very few irregularities.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs|Verbs]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives and Adverbs]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]

== Vocabulary ==
Phrasal verbs - '[[Stonebreaker Language/Phrasal Verbs|To go]]'

Common [[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Adjectives|Adjectives]] and their opposites.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Numbers|Numbers]]: Cardinals and Ordinals.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Useful Phrases|Useful Phrases]]

== Written Stonebreaker ==
Original Stonebreaker was written in the 24 - character '[[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|FUTHARK]]' or [[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|Runic alphabet]]. This set of characters are easy to carve into rock or wood and equate to the runes used by Nordic mannish tribes. In modern times, these are translated into a phonetic alphabet for easy understanding by those who do not read runes. This has been accompanied by the addition of new letters, not in the original alphabet. For example, K is now accompanied by C and J by Y. Some letters do not appear except in names. These include Q and X. Some sounds are recreated phonetically; for example the 'w' sound in wish is created by combining oo with i. The 'j' sound in just is spelled 'dj'. These combinations are consistent and logical and should cause no problems for the novice.

Stonebreaker and Hammerwielder Language

2006-12-30T22:57:49Z

Arka: /* Grammar */ added links to Verbs

[[Image:Pel_Perrakithor.jpg]]

''' PEL PERRAKITHOR'''

== History and Characteristics ==
Very little is known about the origins of Pel Perrakithor (the speech of the Stonebreakers). Some say that this is a very ancient language and predates the 'classic' mannish tongues; some even claim that this was the forerunner of modern European languages. What is clear is that there are many cognates (shared roots) with European languages; which came first is less clear. Do not confuse Stonebreaker with the prehistoric language of the Dwarfs. This common tongue is almost never shared with non-Dwarfs and is largely unpronounceable to men. Dwarfs still use ancient Dwarfish to communicate with each other but never to other races.

It is for this reason, perhaps that the early Stonebreakers developed a separate language with which they could communicate with men and other races. This, undoubtedly arose from the need to trade goods (and ideas) with others.

You will find Pel Perrakithor a logical and highly structured language. There are few irregular words, reflecting the Stonebreakers' love of symmetry and elegance, reflected in their architecture. It is also clear and unambiguous, almost to the point of pedantry. Thirdly it is a highly efficient language, allowing new words to be constructed by building on existing words, much like modern German. Fourthly it easily allows the expression of concepts (in the form of 'Head' nouns - things you think with) alongside concrete entities (expressed with 'Hand' nouns - things you can, generally, touch). This creates a reflective and meditative language - and comes from long periods spent in solitude, deep underground, where the absence of distraction leads to deep thought and philosophising - a favourite pastime for Stonebreakers (apart from drinking of course). Finally a note on gender. You will find very few separate gender words, apart from those that define relationships such as ''Brodr'' and ''Sjestr'' (Brother and Sister) and adjectives such as ''Arka'' (pretty) and ''Arkumin'' (handsome). Children are ''Pekartth'' (little ones), Dwarfs are ''Dvertth'', regardless of gender. This just expresses the lack of importance placed on gender by Stonebreakers; all work, play, fight and drink in equal amounts. Gender just doesn't feature. Yo will find Stonebreaker easy to learn and use; the rules are clear and the vocabulary strangely familiar.

== Guide to Pronunciation ==

Stonebreakers, as their name implies are a race used to working with stone. The are miners, quarriers and masons, and prefer the depths of the world to the open air. Their language reflects this; it is clear and concise, it avoids harshness and consonant clashes and pronunciation is almost always consistent. This makes it easier to be understood when speaking in large underground spaces, where echoes can distort the sounds of words.

== Grammar ==
Stonebreaker grammar is very similar to classical european languages, with some minor embellishments. It is highly structured and very largely consistent with very few irregularities.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Verbs:Verbs]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives and Adverbs]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]

== Vocabulary ==
Phrasal verbs - '[[Stonebreaker Language/Phrasal Verbs|To go]]'

Common [[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Adjectives|Adjectives]] and their opposites.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Numbers|Numbers]]: Cardinals and Ordinals.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Useful Phrases|Useful Phrases]]

== Written Stonebreaker ==
Original Stonebreaker was written in the 24 - character '[[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|FUTHARK]]' or [[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|Runic alphabet]]. This set of characters are easy to carve into rock or wood and equate to the runes used by Nordic mannish tribes. In modern times, these are translated into a phonetic alphabet for easy understanding by those who do not read runes. This has been accompanied by the addition of new letters, not in the original alphabet. For example, K is now accompanied by C and J by Y. Some letters do not appear except in names. These include Q and X. Some sounds are recreated phonetically; for example the 'w' sound in wish is created by combining oo with i. The 'j' sound in just is spelled 'dj'. These combinations are consistent and logical and should cause no problems for the novice.

Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Numbers

2006-12-30T22:51:58Z

Arka: reconstructed

== Cardinals ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
!1-10
!
!11-20
!
|-
|width= 25% | 1
|width = 25%| ''yan''
|width=25% | 11
|width=25% | ''dekyan''
|-
||2
|| ''tan''
||12
|| ''detan''
|-
||3
|| ''teva''
||13
|| ''detev''
|-
||4
|| ''dan''
||14
|| ''dedan''
|-
||5
|| ''pet''
||15
|| ''depet''
|-
||6
|| ''ses''
||16
|| ''deses''
|-
||7
|| ''set''
||17
|| ''deset''
|-
||8
|| ''ot''
||18
|| ''dekot''
|-
||9
|| ''pot''
||19
|| ''depot''
|-
||10
|| ''dek''
||20
|| ''tandek''
|}

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
!10-90
!
!100-1000
!
|-
|width= 25% | 10
|width = 25%| ''dek''
|width=25% | 100
|width=25% | ''yanken''
|-
||20
|| ''tandek''
||200
|| ''tanken''
|-
||30
|| ''tevadek''
||300
|| ''tevaken''
|-
||40
|| ''dandek''
||400
|| ''danken''
|-
||50
|| ''pedek''
||500
||''peken''
|-
||60
||''sedek''
||600
|| ''seken''
|-
||70
|| ''setek''
||700
|| ''seten''
|-
||80
|| ''odek''
||800
|| ''oken''
|-
||90
|| ''podek''
||900
|| ''poken''
|-
||
||
||1000
|| ''mel''
|}

== Ordinals ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
!1-10
!
!11-20
!
|-
|width = 25%|1st
|width = 25%|''yanert''
|width = 25%|11th
|width = 25%|''dekyanert''
|-
||2nd
||''tanert''
||12th
||''detanert''
|-
||3rd
||''tevart''
||13th
||''detevert''
|-
||4th
||''danert''
||14th
||''dedanert''
|-
||5th
||''petert''
||15th
||''depetert''
|-
||6th
||''sesert''
||16th
||''desesert''
|-
||7th
||''setert''
||17th
||''desetert''
|-
||8th
||''otert''
||18th
||''dekotert''
|-
||9th
||''potert''
||19th
||''depotert''
|-
||10th
||''dekert''
||20th
||''tandekert''
|}
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
!10-100
!
!100-1000
!
|-
|width = 25%|10th
|width = 25%|''dekert''
|width = 25%|100th
|width = 25%|''yankenert''
|-
||20th
||''tandekert''
||200th
||''tankenert''
|-
||30th
||''tevadekert''
||300th
||''tevakenert''
|-
||40th
||''dandekert''
||400th
||''dankenert''
|-
||50th
||''pedekert''
||500th
||''pekenert''
|-
||60th
||''sedekert''
||600th
||''sekenert''
|-
||70th
||''setekert''
||700th
||''setenert''
|-
||80th
||''odekert''
||800th
||''okenert''
|-
||90th
||''podekert''
||900th
||''pokenert''
|-
||
||
||1000th
||''melert''
|}

Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Numbers

2006-12-30T22:16:30Z

Arka:

Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Useful Phrases

2006-12-30T21:53:41Z

Arka:

== Greetings ==

Hello: Dõvoy' (lit I see you) 
Hello (in reply): Estyõ (lit I am here) 
Welcome: Garaveno' 
How are you? Kalid? (lit How goes it?) 
I am well: Idõm gara (lit It goes for me well) Often shortened to Garid or Gara! 
Good Luck: Dol Garartth (lit good things to you) 
(plural is Sothel Garartth) 
Farewell: Garido' 
Good Morning: Garamatta 
Good day: Garadi' 
Good evening: Garas 
Goodnight: Garanot' 

== Introductions ==

I am a Stonebreaker: Yõ Perrakithor (lit I am of they who work stone) 
The Stonebreaker race: Perrakith 
The Stonebreaker language: Pel Perrakithor (lit Speak of those who work stone) 
I am Arka: Pelith or <Arka> (lit they speak of me Arka) 
Who is this?: K'ei? 
This is Elesiy: Ei Elesiy 
We have met: Dõvoyelõ (lit I have seen you)

== Thank you ==

Garamdor, Garamdorth (lit your goodness) 
Don õl Felim (lit it gives me joy)

== Please ==

Irimor (lit if [as] you want) 
Irimorth (plural) 
Irdon dol Felim (If it gives you pleasure) 
Irdon sothel Felim (plural) 

== Cheers! ==

Pekol! (lit To smallness!) 
A' Fel! (Be happy!) 
Felimor (To Joy!) 
N'algol (Good health! - lit to no pain)

Stonebreaker and Hammerwielder Language

2006-12-30T21:24:07Z

Arka: /* Vocabulary */ typo

[[Image:Pel_Perrakithor.jpg]]

''' PEL PERRAKITHOR'''

== History and Characteristics ==
Very little is known about the origins of Pel Perrakithor (the speech of the Stonebreakers). Some say that this is a very ancient language and predates the 'classic' mannish tongues; some even claim that this was the forerunner of modern European languages. What is clear is that there are many cognates (shared roots) with European languages; which came first is less clear. Do not confuse Stonebreaker with the prehistoric language of the Dwarfs. This common tongue is almost never shared with non-Dwarfs and is largely unpronounceable to men. Dwarfs still use ancient Dwarfish to communicate with each other but never to other races.

It is for this reason, perhaps that the early Stonebreakers developed a separate language with which they could communicate with men and other races. This, undoubtedly arose from the need to trade goods (and ideas) with others.

You will find Pel Perrakithor a logical and highly structured language. There are few irregular words, reflecting the Stonebreakers' love of symmetry and elegance, reflected in their architecture. It is also clear and unambiguous, almost to the point of pedantry. Thirdly it is a highly efficient language, allowing new words to be constructed by building on existing words, much like modern German. Fourthly it easily allows the expression of concepts (in the form of 'Head' nouns - things you think with) alongside concrete entities (expressed with 'Hand' nouns - things you can, generally, touch). This creates a reflective and meditative language - and comes from long periods spent in solitude, deep underground, where the absence of distraction leads to deep thought and philosophising - a favourite pastime for Stonebreakers (apart from drinking of course). Finally a note on gender. You will find very few separate gender words, apart from those that define relationships such as ''Brodr'' and ''Sjestr'' (Brother and Sister) and adjectives such as ''Arka'' (pretty) and ''Arkumin'' (handsome). Children are ''Pekartth'' (little ones), Dwarfs are ''Dvertth'', regardless of gender. This just expresses the lack of importance placed on gender by Stonebreakers; all work, play, fight and drink in equal amounts. Gender just doesn't feature. Yo will find Stonebreaker easy to learn and use; the rules are clear and the vocabulary strangely familiar.

== Guide to Pronunciation ==

Stonebreakers, as their name implies are a race used to working with stone. The are miners, quarriers and masons, and prefer the depths of the world to the open air. Their language reflects this; it is clear and concise, it avoids harshness and consonant clashes and pronunciation is almost always consistent. This makes it easier to be understood when speaking in large underground spaces, where echoes can distort the sounds of words.

== Grammar ==
Stonebreaker grammar is very similar to classical european languages, with some minor embellishments. It is highly structured and very largely consistent with very few irregularities.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives and Adverbs]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]

== Vocabulary ==
Phrasal verbs - '[[Stonebreaker Language/Phrasal Verbs|To go]]'

Common [[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Adjectives|Adjectives]] and their opposites.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Numbers|Numbers]]: Cardinals and Ordinals.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Useful Phrases|Useful Phrases]]

== Written Stonebreaker ==
Original Stonebreaker was written in the 24 - character '[[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|FUTHARK]]' or [[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|Runic alphabet]]. This set of characters are easy to carve into rock or wood and equate to the runes used by Nordic mannish tribes. In modern times, these are translated into a phonetic alphabet for easy understanding by those who do not read runes. This has been accompanied by the addition of new letters, not in the original alphabet. For example, K is now accompanied by C and J by Y. Some letters do not appear except in names. These include Q and X. Some sounds are recreated phonetically; for example the 'w' sound in wish is created by combining oo with i. The 'j' sound in just is spelled 'dj'. These combinations are consistent and logical and should cause no problems for the novice.

Stonebreaker and Hammerwielder Language

2006-12-30T21:20:13Z

Arka: typos

[[Image:Pel_Perrakithor.jpg]]

''' PEL PERRAKITHOR'''

== History and Characteristics ==
Very little is known about the origins of Pel Perrakithor (the speech of the Stonebreakers). Some say that this is a very ancient language and predates the 'classic' mannish tongues; some even claim that this was the forerunner of modern European languages. What is clear is that there are many cognates (shared roots) with European languages; which came first is less clear. Do not confuse Stonebreaker with the prehistoric language of the Dwarfs. This common tongue is almost never shared with non-Dwarfs and is largely unpronounceable to men. Dwarfs still use ancient Dwarfish to communicate with each other but never to other races.

It is for this reason, perhaps that the early Stonebreakers developed a separate language with which they could communicate with men and other races. This, undoubtedly arose from the need to trade goods (and ideas) with others.

You will find Pel Perrakithor a logical and highly structured language. There are few irregular words, reflecting the Stonebreakers' love of symmetry and elegance, reflected in their architecture. It is also clear and unambiguous, almost to the point of pedantry. Thirdly it is a highly efficient language, allowing new words to be constructed by building on existing words, much like modern German. Fourthly it easily allows the expression of concepts (in the form of 'Head' nouns - things you think with) alongside concrete entities (expressed with 'Hand' nouns - things you can, generally, touch). This creates a reflective and meditative language - and comes from long periods spent in solitude, deep underground, where the absence of distraction leads to deep thought and philosophising - a favourite pastime for Stonebreakers (apart from drinking of course). Finally a note on gender. You will find very few separate gender words, apart from those that define relationships such as ''Brodr'' and ''Sjestr'' (Brother and Sister) and adjectives such as ''Arka'' (pretty) and ''Arkumin'' (handsome). Children are ''Pekartth'' (little ones), Dwarfs are ''Dvertth'', regardless of gender. This just expresses the lack of importance placed on gender by Stonebreakers; all work, play, fight and drink in equal amounts. Gender just doesn't feature. Yo will find Stonebreaker easy to learn and use; the rules are clear and the vocabulary strangely familiar.

== Guide to Pronunciation ==

Stonebreakers, as their name implies are a race used to working with stone. The are miners, quarriers and masons, and prefer the depths of the world to the open air. Their language reflects this; it is clear and concise, it avoids harshness and consonant clashes and pronunciation is almost always consistent. This makes it easier to be understood when speaking in large underground spaces, where echoes can distort the sounds of words.

== Grammar ==
Stonebreaker grammar is very similar to classical european languages, with some minor embellishments. It is highly structured and very largely consistent with very few irregularities.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives and Adverbs]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]

[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]

== Vocabulary ==
Phrasal verbs - '[[Stonebreaker Language/Phrasal Verbs|To go]]'

Common [[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Adjectives|Adjectives]] and their opposites.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Numbers|Numbers]]: Cardinals and Ordinals.

[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Simple Phrases|UsefulPhrases]]

== Written Stonebreaker ==
Original Stonebreaker was written in the 24 - character '[[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|FUTHARK]]' or [[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|Runic alphabet]]. This set of characters are easy to carve into rock or wood and equate to the runes used by Nordic mannish tribes. In modern times, these are translated into a phonetic alphabet for easy understanding by those who do not read runes. This has been accompanied by the addition of new letters, not in the original alphabet. For example, K is now accompanied by C and J by Y. Some letters do not appear except in names. These include Q and X. Some sounds are recreated phonetically; for example the 'w' sound in wish is created by combining oo with i. The 'j' sound in just is spelled 'dj'. These combinations are consistent and logical and should cause no problems for the novice.

Stonebreaker and Hammerwielder Language

2006-12-30T16:57:20Z

Arka: Extra links added

[[Image:Pel_Perrakithor.jpg]]

''' PEL PERRAKITHOR'''

== History and Characteristics ==
Very Little is known about the origins of Pel Perrakithor (the speech of the Stonebreakers). Some say that this is a very ancient language and predates the 'classic' mannish tongues; some even claim that this was the forerunner of modern European languages. What is clear is that there are many cognates (shared roots) with European languages; which came first is less clear. Do not confuse Stonebreaker with the prehistoric language of the Dwarfs. This common tongue is almost never shared with non-Dwarfs and is largely unpronounceable to men. Dwarfs still use ancient Dwarfish to communicate with each other but never to other races.

It is for this reason, perhaps that the early Stonebreakers developed a separate language with which they could communicate with men and other races. This, undoubtedly arose from the need to trade goods (and ideas) with others.

You will find Pel Perrakithor a logical and highly structured language. There are few irregular words, reflecting the Stonebreakers' love of symmetry and elegance, reflected in their architecture. It is also clear and unambiguous, almost to the point of pedantry. Thirdly it is a highly efficient language, allowing new words to be constructed by building on existing words, much like modern German. Fourthly it easily allows the expression of concepts (in the form of 'Head' nouns - things you think with) alongside concrete entities (expressed with 'Hand' nouns - things you can, generally, touch). This creates a reflective and meditative language - and comes from long periods spent in solitude, deep underground, where the absence of distraction leads to deep thought and philosophising - a favourite pastime for Stonebreakers (apart from drinking of course). Finally a note on gender. You will find very few separate gender words, apart from those that define relationships such as ''Brodr'' and ''Sjestr'' (Brother and Sister) and adjectives such as ''Arka'' (pretty) and ''Arkumin'' (handsome). Children are ''Pekartth'' (little ones), Dwarfs are ''Dvertth'', regardless of gender. This just expresses the lack of importance placed on gender by Stonebreakers; all work, play, fight and drink in equal amounts. Gender just doesn't feature. Yo will find Stonebreaker easy to learn and use; the rules are clear and the vocabulary strangely familiar.

== Guide to Pronunciation ==

Stonebreakers, as their name implies are a race used to working with stone. The are miners, quarriers and masons, and prefer the depths of the world to the open air. Their language reflects this; it is clear and concise, it avoids harshness and consonant clashes and pronunciation is almost always consistent. This makes it easier to be understood when speaking in large underground spaces, where echoes can distort the sounds of words.

== Grammar ==
[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]
[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectibves and Adverbs]]
[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]
[[Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]

== Vocabulary ==
Phrasal verbs - '[[Stonebreaker Language/Phrasal Verbs|To go]]'
[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Adjectives|Adjectives]]
[[Stonebreaker Language/Vocabulary/Numbers|Number]]

== Simple Phrases ==

== Written Stonebreaker ==
Original Stonebreaker was written in the 24 - character '[[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|FUTHARK]]' or [[Stonebreaker Language/Alphabet|Runic alphabet]]. This set of characters are easy to carve into rock or wood and equate to the runes used by Nordic mannish tribes. In modern times, these are translated into a phonetic alphabet for easy understanding by those who do not read runes. This has been accompanied by the addition of new letters, not in the original alphabet. For example, K is now accompanied by C and J by Y. Some letters do not appear except in names. These include Q and X. Some sounds are recreated phonetically; for example the 'w' sound in wish is created by combining oo with i. The 'j' sound in just is spelled 'dj'. These combinations are consistent and logical and should cause no problems for the novice.

Stonebreaker Language/Phrasal Verbs

2006-12-29T19:46:10Z

Arka: formatting

== To Go ==

The verb ''idna'' is used to mean 'to go' and has many derivatives. ''Idna'' is related to the type II noun ''Idam'' - travel - and ''Idart'' - a journey. Below are the main derivatives. These can allow an amazing array of subtle distinctions to be made.

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
! Head
! Hand
! Adjective
! Infinitive
! Actor
|-
|width= 20% | ''Idam'' - travel
|width = 20%| ''Idart'' - a journey
|width=20% | ''Ida'' - travelling
|width=20% | ''Idna'' - to go
|width=20% | ''Idnam'' - traveller
|-
|width= 20% | ''Pedidam'' - walking
|width = 20%| ''Pedidart'' - a walk
|width=20% | ''Pedida'' - walking
|width=20% | ''Pedidna'' - to walk
|width=20% | ''Pedidnam'' - pedestrian, walker
|-
|width= 20% | ''Snellidam'' - fast travel
|width = 20%| ''Snellidart'' - a fast journey
|width=20% | ''Snellida'' - going quickly
|width=20% | ''Snellidna'' - to go fast
|width=20% | ''Snellidnam'' - racer
|-
|width= 20% | ''Pekidam'' - (small) travel
|width = 20%| ''Pekidart'' - a trip
|width=20% | ''Pekida'' - tripping
|width=20% | ''Pekidna'' - to go a short way
|width=20% | ''Pekidnam'' - tripper
|-
|width= 20% | ''Utidam'' - departure
|width = 20%| ''Utidart'' - a journey out, a sortie
|width=20% | ''Utida'' - going out
|width=20% | ''Utidna'' - to go out
|width=20% | ''Utidnam'' - embarker
|-
|width= 20% | ''Agidam'' - overtaking
|width = 20%| ''Agidart'' - a passing (of another traveller)
|width=20% | ''Agida'' - overtaking
|width=20% | ''Agidna'' - to overtake, go past
|width=20% | ''Agidnam'' - overtaker
|-
|width= 20% | ''Elidam'' - Passing by
|width = 20%| ''Elidart'' - a journey past something
|width=20% | ''Elida'' - passing by
|width=20% | ''Elidna'' - to pass by, go past
|width=20% | ''Elidnam'' - passer by
|-
|width= 20% | ''Imidam'' - entrance (from outside)
|width = 20%| ''Imidart'' - an entrance
|width=20% | ''Imida'' - entering
|width=20% | ''Imidna'' - to go in, enter
|width=20% | ''Imidnam'' - person going in
|-
|width= 20% | ''Adidam'' - ascent
|width = 20%| ''Adidart'' - a climb, an ascent
|width=20% | ''Adida'' - climbing, ascending
|width=20% | ''Adidna'' - to go up, ascend, climb
|width=20% | ''Adidnam'' - climber
|-
|width= 20% | ''Alidam'' - descent
|width = 20%| ''Alidart'' - a descent, climb down
|width=20% | ''Alida'' - descending
|width=20% | ''Alidna'' - to go down, descend, climb down
|width=20% | ''Alidnam'' - descender (see notes)
|-
|width= 20% | ''Podidam'' - follow-ship, loyalty
|width = 20%| ''Podidart'' - a position behind a leader
|width=20% | ''Podida'' - following
|width=20% | ''Podidna'' - to follow, go behind someone
|width=20% | ''Podidnam'' - follower
|-
|width= 20% | ''Preidam'' - leadership
|width = 20%| ''Preidart'' - the lead
|width=20% | ''Preida'' - leading
|width=20% | ''Preidna'' - to lead, go before
|width=20% | ''Preidnam'' - leader
|-
|width= 20% | ''Altidam'' - precedence
|width = 20%| ''Altidart'' - a precedent
|width=20% | ''Altida'' - preceeding
|width=20% | ''Altidna'' - to go before (in time), precede
|width=20% | ''Altidnam'' - forebear
|-
|width= 20% | ''Otidam'' - penetration, passage
|width = 20%| ''Otidart'' - a breakthough, passing through
|width=20% | ''Otida'' - passing through, penetrating
|width=20% | ''Otidna'' - to go through, penetrate
|width=20% | ''Otidnam'' - penetrator
|-
|width= 20% | ''Dessidam'' - subversion (see notes)
|width = 20%| ''Dessidart'' - a underpass, tunnel
|width=20% | ''Dessida'' - going under, tunnelling
|width=20% | ''Dessidna'' - to go under, tunnel
|width=20% | ''Dessidnam'' - tunneller (see notes)
|-
|width= 20% | ''Sulidam'' - juxtaposition
|width = 20%| ''Sulidart'' - a mount
|width=20% | ''Sulida'' - moounting
|width=20% | ''Sulidna'' - to get onto, mount
|width=20% | ''Sulidnam'' - horseman (lit 'mounter')
|-
|width= 20% | ''Beridam'' - companionship (when travelling)
|width = 20%| ''Beridart'' - a journey made in company, expedition
|width=20% | ''Berida'' - accompanying
|width=20% | ''Beridna'' - to go beside, accompany
|width=20% | ''Beridnam'' - travelling companion
|-
|width= 20% | ''Kumidam'' - setting out together
|width = 20%| ''Kumidart'' - a joint exit
|width=20% | ''Kumida'' - leaving together
|width=20% | ''Kumidna'' - to go (leave) with
|width=20% | ''Kumidnam'' - companion when leaving
|-
|width= 20% | ''Veridam'' - Approach (way, method)
|width = 20%| ''Veridart'' - an approach (physically)
|width=20% | ''Verida'' - approaching, going towards
|width=20% | ''Veridna'' - to go towards, approach
|width=20% | ''Veridnam'' - approaching person
|-
|width= 20% | ''Averidam'' - retreat
|width = 20%| ''Averidart'' - a retreat, flight
|width=20% | ''Averida'' - going away, fleeing
|width=20% | ''Averidna'' - to go away from, flee
|width=20% | ''Averidnam'' - retreater, fleer
|-
|width= 20% | ''Rondidam'' - circumvention (avoidance)
|width = 20%| ''Rondidart'' - a round trip
|width=20% | ''Rondida'' - circling
|width=20% | ''Rondidna'' - to go around
|width=20% | ''Rondidnam'' - someone who avoids problems - a strategist
|-
|width= 20% | ''Anidam'' - revisitation
|width = 20%| ''Anidart'' - a return trip
|width=20% | ''Anida'' - returning
|width=20% | ''Anidna'' - to go again, return to
|width=20% | ''Anidnam'' - returner
|}
 

= Notes =

== Head Nouns ==
The Head nouns are difficult to translate exactly into English - they express the concepts associated with the verb, and sometimes need whole phrases to describe them in English and other modern languages. In some cases, this is relatively well understood to the English speaker - 'Leadership' for example, expresses the concept of leading. We can also understand the corresponding quality of 'Followship' although we have no single word to describe this. The Stonebreaker word ''Dessidam'' is even harder to translate. It is the concept of going under something. When a Stonebreaker meets an underground obstacle(for example a seam of hard rock that is difficult to tunnel through) he has two options: to go round ''Rondidna'' or to go below ''Dessidna''. Going below carries more risks and requires a more carefully thought-out approach, but is usually the most efficient solution. This approach of carefully weighing the risks, working out an elegant and efficient way forward is expressed in the term ''Dessidam'' - the concept of going under a problem.

Different verbs can convey different subtleties in the language. So while ''Beridam'' conveys the idea of 'companionship while travelling' this is different from the concept of companionship in the sense of 'being with'. For this, the Stonebreakers use the verb ''Kumeina'' - to be with. This gives the Head noun ''Kumejam'' - 'being with'. Similarly, ''Kumvenna'' - to come together gives ''Kumvenam'' - companionship in gathering together - a sort of 'solidarity'. This ability to create concepts from actions or things makes Stonebreaker a language with which one can express extremely subtle thoughts and ideas.

== Roles or Actors ==

Some of these equate easily to the corresponding English expressions. A leader is one who goes before (in space) - ''Preidnam''. However, some people go before in time, not in space - these are ''Altidnameth'' or 'forebears - previous generations. Other roles that have special significance are:

* ''Alidnam'' (descender) - this person leads an exploration of undiscovered tunnels underground - this needs particular skills and courage. Deciding who will be the ''Alidnam'' is an important step in any underground exploration.

* Dessidnam (tunneller) - this person is the engineer in the mining squad. He or she works out the best way to tunnel through the rock and gives the orders to the diggers. This is a highly skilled job and requuires expertise in geology, maths, physics and how to resolve forces.

*''Otidnam'' (penetrator) - this is a particulalry powerfully built and fearless Stonebreaker, who is called on to break through rock walls underground, for example when breaking into an existing chamber. It requires strength and ability to move out of danger quickly!

== Subtle Distinctions ==

At first glance, ''Agidna'' and ''Elidna'' seem to amount to the same - 'to go past', 'to go by'. The first relates to someone passing someone else while moving; the second, passing a stationery person or object. ''Arka agideloo Garwin sul Vigom'' means 'Arka passed Garwin on the road' while ''Arka elideloo Garwin Barldomom'' is 'Arka passed Garwin by (outside) the Tavern'. In the second case, Garwin was standing outside the tavern; in the first, he was going along the same road, and '''in the same direction'''.

The difference between ''Beridna'' and ''Kumidna'' can be best shown by example. ''Arka berid Garwinom'' means 'Arka goes (along) with Garwin'. ''Arka kumid Garwinom'' means 'Arka goes (leaves) with Garwin. In the first case, Arka and Garwin are going somewhere together; in the second they just leave at the same time. Similarly, ''Voyelõ Arka en Garwin feknam Beridart'' means 'I saw Arka and Garwin making a journey together', while ''Voyelõ Arka en Garwin feknam Kumidart'' means 'I saw Arka and Garwin making an exit together'. ''Arka ideloo Akkaiol. Garwin eloo Kumidnam'' - 'Arka went to Akkaio. Garwin left with her (literally was her 'leaving-companion'). We don't know if they continued their journey together - in this case Garwin would have been ''Beridnam'' - a travelling companion. ''Beridam ei Sekorirt'' - 'travelling together is safe' ('a safe thing'). ''Kumidam ei Nagarart'' - 'leaving together is bad ('a bad thing').

Note that ''Anidna'' means to to return '''to''' and not '''from'''. This is an important distiction. ''Arka anid Akkaiol'' is 'Arka returns (goes back) to Akkaio'. ''Arka anven Domol'' is 'Arka returns home' or 'comes again to home'. Both are quite different from the concept of returning an object. This is expressed by the verb ''adonna''. ''Arka adon Ekk Harnquistol'' is 'Arka returns the axe to Harnquist'.

Stonebreaker Language/Grammar/Nouns

2006-12-29T19:43:15Z

Arka:

= Nouns =

== Type ==

There are two types of nouns in Stonebreaker. '''Type I''' nouns are concrete entities - generally things you can touch like ''Barl'' (ale), ''Bõg'' (bow) professions like ''Perrak'' (miner) and items of clothing like ''Pedleddert'' (boot). These words denote things that exist only as items (or people); they do not exist as concepts. For these, Stomebreaker uses type II nouns. '''Type II''' nouns exist as both 'Head nouns' (the conceptual form) or 'Hand nouns' (the physical manifestation). Despite their name these are not always things you can touch! So, ''Felim'' is the concept of 'joy', while ''Felirt'' is a happy person.

There are three sub-types of type II nouns. In their Head state they end in -am, -em and -im. In their Hand state they end in -art, -ert and -irt. For example: ''Garam'' (goodness) gives ''Garart'' (a good thing). ''Urpem'' (warfare) gives ''Urpert'' (a battle) while ''Fjorim'' (life) gives ''Fjorirt'' (a life or lifetime). You can always recognise Type II nouns by these endings. Type I nouns can have various endings. Also note that type II nouns are used for materials that have indeterminate quantity. 'Some gold' would be expressed with the type II noun ''Geldem'', while a piece of gold (a nugget) is ''Geldert''. Similarly with ''Ferem'' is 'metal' while ''Ferert'' is an ingot of metal.

== Plurals ==

These are always formed with the postscript -th. So 'good things' translates as ''Garartth'' (note the t is retained before the th ending). Happy people are ''Felirtth'' and ''Ferertth'' are ingots (or stock).

To aid pronunciation, words ending with a 'earth' letter (g, v/w, h, p, z, s, m, ng) take -eth in the plural. So the plural of ''Vig'' (road) is ''Vigeth'', not ''Vigth''.

Note that derived nouns that describe professions are special cases. The word Perrak literally means 'he cuts stone'. The plural is not Perrakth but Perrakith - 'they cut stone'. Similarly with ''Barlik'' - 'barman'. This means 'he serves ale', so the plural is ''Barlikith'' - 'they serve ale'.

== Cases ==

Stonebreaker uses word endings to distinguish the case of the noun. A case is used to define how the noun is used in a sentence. In Stonebreaker there are only 4 cases: Nominative/Accusative (for the subject and direct object of a sentence); Dative (to express the concept of 'to' or 'towards'); Genitive ('of') and Ablative/Instrumental ('by', 'with' or 'from'). This avoids the kind of ambiguity that is sometimes found in English. For example, Glorwin gave Arka the Groffel would be expressed as ''Glorwin (nom) don Groffel (acc) Arkol (dat)'' or Glorwin gave (the) Groffel (to) Arka. Notice that Arka has been given an -ol ending - this means that we are using the Dative case. We could just as easily have said ''Glorwin don Arkol Groffel'' - while in English, Glorwin gave the Groffel Arka would mean something quite different. Having different cases means that the word order becomes less important as the cases of the nouns define the meaning. If we wanted to stretch the point we could say ''Glorwin Arkol don Groffel'' or even ''Arkol Glorwin don Groffel''. As long as the subject precedes the verb and the object follows it in the sentence, the meaning is clear.

== Noun Declensions ==

{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"
! English
! Nominative/Accusative
! Dative
! Genitive
! Ablative/Instrumental
|-
|width= 20% | Joy
|width = 20%| ''Felim''
|width=20% | ''Felol''
|width=20% | ''Felor''
|width=20% | ''Felom''
|-
|| Fear
|| ''Cram''
|| ''Crol''
|| ''Cror''
|| ''Crom''
|-
|| Warfare
|| ''Urpem''
|| ''Urpol''
|| ''Urpor''
|| ''Urpom''
|-
|| Dwarf
|| ''Dvert''
|| ''Dvertol''
|| ''Dvertor''
|| ''Dvertom''
|-
|| Dwarfs
|| ''Dvertth''
|| ''Dvertolth''
|| ''Dvertorth''
|| ''Dvertometh''
|-
|| Way, road
|| ''Vig''
|| ''Vigol''
|| ''Vigor''
|| ''Vigom''
|-
|| Roads
|| ''Vigeth''
|| ''Vigolth''
|| ''Vigorth''
|| ''Vigometh''
|-
|| Blacksmith
|| ''Ferak''
|| ''Ferakol''
|| ''Ferakor''
|| ''Ferakom''
|-
|| Blacksmiths
|| ''Ferakith''
|| ''Ferakithol''
|| ''Ferakithor''
|| ''Ferakithom''
|-
|| Bar-tender
|| ''Barllik''
|| ''Barlikol''
|| ''Barlikor''
|| ''Barlikom''
|-
|| Bar-tenders
|| ''Balikith''
|| ''Barlikithol''
|| ''Barlikithor''
|| ''Balikithom''
|}